{"id":177,"date":"2026-04-03T00:59:37","date_gmt":"2026-04-03T00:59:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/?page_id=177"},"modified":"2026-05-14T05:54:38","modified_gmt":"2026-05-14T05:54:38","slug":"copper-cnc-machining","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/zh\/copper-cnc-machining\/","title":{"rendered":"\u9285 CNC \u52a0\u5de5"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"177\" class=\"elementor elementor-177\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4ecbf7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b4ecbf7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5f6b0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b5f6b0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- FAQ Structured Data -->\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n  \"mainEntity\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Question\",\n      \"name\": \"What is C110 copper and what is it used for in CNC machining?\",\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n        \"text\": \"C110 (also known as Electrolytic Tough Pitch copper, or ETP copper) is the most widely used commercial copper grade, with a minimum purity of 99.90% copper. In CNC machining, C110 is used wherever high electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance are required simultaneously. Typical applications include electrical bus bars, grounding components, heat sinks, thermal spreaders, electrical contact components, induction coil bodies, RF shielding enclosures, and plumbing fittings. C110 is the standard copper for most industrial and electrical applications that do not require welding or hydrogen-atmosphere brazing.\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Question\",\n      \"name\": \"What is oxygen-free copper (C101) and how does it differ from C110?\",\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n        \"text\": \"C101 (Oxygen-Free High Conductivity copper, OFHC) is a premium copper grade with copper purity of 99.99% or higher and oxygen content below 0.001%. The key difference from C110 is the near-zero oxygen content. C110 contains 0.02\u20130.04% oxygen in the form of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) inclusions \u2014 these cause hydrogen embrittlement when C110 is heated in hydrogen-containing atmospheres (hydrogen brazing or hydrogen annealing), as hydrogen reacts with the oxide to produce steam, creating micro-cracks. C101 eliminates this problem entirely. Additionally, C101's higher purity gives it slightly better electrical conductivity (101% IACS vs 100% IACS for C110) and is preferred for high-vacuum, semiconductor, scientific, and cryogenic applications where contamination or outgassing must be minimized.\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Question\",\n      \"name\": \"What is T2 copper and how does it relate to C110?\",\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n        \"text\": \"T2 is the Chinese GB\/T standard designation (GB\/T 5585) for electrolytic tough pitch copper equivalent to ASTM C110. The designation 'T' stands for \u94dc (copper in Chinese) and '2' indicates the second commercial purity grade (T1 being slightly higher purity at 99.95% minimum). T2 has a minimum copper content of 99.90% \u2014 functionally equivalent to C110 for all CNC machining applications. When sourcing from Chinese manufacturers or supplying to Chinese customers, T2 is the standard specification; ASTM C110 is the international equivalent.\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Question\",\n      \"name\": \"Is copper difficult to CNC machine?\",\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n        \"text\": \"Pure copper (C110, C101, T2) is more challenging to machine than brass due to its high ductility and tendency to produce long, stringy, gummy chips that cling to cutting tools. Unlike brass which has lead as a built-in chip breaker, pure copper requires careful tool selection (sharp, positive-rake geometry), controlled cutting parameters, adequate coolant, and chip management. However, copper machines significantly faster and easier than stainless steel. With proper tooling and parameters, tight tolerances (\u00b10.01 mm standard, \u00b10.005 mm achievable) and excellent surface finish are routinely achievable on C110 and C101.\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Question\",\n      \"name\": \"What is the electrical conductivity of C110 and C101 copper?\",\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n        \"text\": \"C110 (ETP copper) has an electrical conductivity of 100% IACS (International Annealed Copper Standard) \u2014 it is the reference material against which all other metals are measured for conductivity. C101 (oxygen-free copper) achieves 101% IACS due to its higher purity and lower impurity content. For comparison: brass C360 is approximately 26% IACS, 6061 aluminium is approximately 43% IACS, and 304 stainless is approximately 2% IACS. Copper's unmatched conductivity makes it the first choice for any application where electrical or thermal conductivity is the primary engineering requirement.\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Question\",\n      \"name\": \"What tolerances can you hold on copper CNC machined parts?\",\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n        \"text\": \"Standard CNC machining tolerance for C110 and C101 copper is \u00b10.01 mm. Tighter tolerances of \u00b10.005 mm are achievable on precision features. Copper's high ductility means it can deform under clamping pressure if not properly supported \u2014 fixturing design is important for thin-walled or delicate copper parts. For C101 vacuum components and semiconductor parts, surface cleanliness and contamination control during machining are as important as dimensional tolerance.\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Question\",\n      \"name\": \"When should I specify C101 oxygen-free copper instead of C110?\",\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n        \"text\": \"Specify C101 (oxygen-free copper) instead of C110 when: (1) the part will be brazed or annealed in a hydrogen-containing atmosphere \u2014 C110 is susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement, C101 is not; (2) the application is in vacuum environments where low outgassing is required, such as semiconductor equipment, synchrotrons, or vacuum furnace components; (3) maximum electrical conductivity is required (101% IACS vs 100%); (4) the application is cryogenic \u2014 C101 maintains ductility at very low temperatures; (5) the part will be used in high-purity environments where trace oxygen must be minimized. For all other applications, C110\/T2 is adequate and less expensive.\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Question\",\n      \"name\": \"What surface treatments are suitable for copper CNC parts?\",\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n        \"text\": \"Common surface treatments for machined copper parts include: electroless nickel plating (corrosion protection, wear resistance, prevents oxidation tarnish), silver plating (highest electrical conductivity at contact surfaces, used on bus bars and connectors), tin plating (solderable, RoHS-safe, cost-effective alternative to silver for electrical parts), hard chrome (wear-critical copper parts), and chemical passivation or benzotriazole (BTA) treatment for light tarnish protection on decorative copper surfaces. For vacuum components in C101, no coating is typically applied \u2014 the surface is cleaned and passivated. Copper cannot be anodized (anodizing is only for aluminum alloys).\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}\n<\/script>\n\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Roboto:wght@300;400;500;700;900&family=Roboto+Condensed:wght@400;700;900&family=Roboto+Mono:wght@400;500&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n\n<style>\n:root{\n  --bg:#F7F9FC;--bg-white:#FFFFFF;--bg-light:#EEF3F8;\n  --text-1:#1F2937;--text-2:#5B6777;--text-3:#9CA8B4;\n  --border:#D7E0EA;\n  --blue:#2563EB;--blue-h:#1D4ED8;\n  --blue-dim:rgba(37,99,235,0.08);--blue-mid:rgba(37,99,235,0.15);\n  --teal:#0F766E;--teal-dim:rgba(15,118,110,0.08);\n  --ff-h:'Roboto Condensed',sans-serif;\n  --ff-b:'Roboto',sans-serif;\n  --ff-m:'Roboto Mono',monospace;\n  --r1:6px;--r2:12px;--r3:20px;--r4:28px;\n  \/* copper accent *\/\n  --cu:#B45309;\n  --cu-dark:#92400E;\n  --cu-light:#F59E0B;\n  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0.2s;}\n.btn-white-ol:hover{background:rgba(255,255,255,0.12);border-color:rgba(255,255,255,.75);}\n\n.sec-head{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:flex-end;margin-bottom:40px;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px;}\n.tag{padding:4px 11px;border-radius:100px;background:var(--bg-light);border:1px solid var(--border);font-family:var(--ff-m);font-size:11px;color:var(--text-2);}\n.tag-blue{background:var(--blue-dim);border-color:rgba(37,99,235,0.2);color:var(--blue);}\n.tag-teal{background:var(--teal-dim);border-color:rgba(15,118,110,0.2);color:var(--teal);}\n.tag-cu{background:var(--cu-dim);border-color:var(--cu-border);color:var(--cu);}\n.badge-ok{display:inline-block;padding:2px 8px;border-radius:100px;background:var(--teal-dim);border:1px solid rgba(15,118,110,0.2);font-family:var(--ff-m);font-size:10px;color:var(--teal);font-weight:700;}\n.badge-warn{display:inline-block;padding:2px 8px;border-radius:100px;background:rgba(245,158,11,0.1);border:1px solid rgba(245,158,11,0.3);font-family:var(--ff-m);font-size:10px;color:#D97706;font-weight:700;}\n.badge-no{display:inline-block;padding:2px 8px;border-radius:100px;background:rgba(239,68,68,0.08);border:1px solid rgba(239,68,68,0.2);font-family:var(--ff-m);font-size:10px;color:#DC2626;font-weight:700;}\n.badge-cu{display:inline-block;padding:2px 8px;border-radius:100px;background:var(--cu-dim);border:1px solid var(--cu-border);font-family:var(--ff-m);font-size:10px;color:var(--cu);font-weight:700;}\n\n\/* TOP BAR *\/\n.ptbar{background:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border);padding:11px 28px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:16px;flex-wrap:wrap;}\n.ptb-l{font-family:var(--ff-m);font-size:11px;color:var(--text-3);letter-spacing:1px;}\n.ptb-r{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:20px;}\n.ptb-a{font-size:13px;color:var(--text-2);transition:color 0.15s;}\n.ptb-a:hover{color:var(--blue);}\n.ptb-btn{padding:7px 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var(--border);box-shadow:0 8px 40px rgba(31,41,55,0.1);}\n.hi-main img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;}\n.hi-sm1{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;width:46%;height:180px;border-radius:var(--r2);overflow:hidden;border:3px solid #fff;box-shadow:0 6px 20px rgba(31,41,55,0.12);}\n.hi-sm1 img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;}\n.hi-sm2{position:absolute;bottom:0;right:0;width:46%;height:180px;border-radius:var(--r2);overflow:hidden;border:3px solid #fff;box-shadow:0 6px 20px rgba(31,41,55,0.12);}\n.hi-sm2 img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;}\n.hi-badge{position:absolute;top:20px;right:-12px;padding:13px 16px;border-radius:var(--r2);background:var(--cu);color:#fff;box-shadow:0 6px 20px rgba(180,83,9,0.35);}\n.hib-l{font-family:var(--ff-m);font-size:9px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;opacity:.7;margin-bottom:3px;}\n.hib-v{font-family:var(--ff-h);font-size:17px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;}\n\n.hero-bar{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);border-top:1px solid var(--border);background:#fff;margin-top:56px;}\n@media(max-width:600px){.hero-bar{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;}}\n.hbar-item{padding:20px 16px;border-right:1px solid var(--border);text-align:center;}\n.hbar-item:last-child{border-right:none;}\n.hbar-v{font-family:var(--ff-h);font-size:20px;font-weight:900;color:var(--cu);line-height:1;margin-bottom:4px;}\n.hbar-l{font-family:var(--ff-m);font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.5px;color:var(--text-3);text-transform:uppercase;}\n\n\/* TICKER *\/\n.ticker{background:var(--text-1);padding:12px 0;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;}\n.tick-track{display:inline-flex;animation:tick 38s linear infinite;}\n@keyframes 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var(--cu-border);border-radius:var(--r3);padding:26px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:14px;}\n@media(max-width:1100px){.decision-card{grid-column:1\/-1;}}\n.dc-head{font-family:var(--ff-h);font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:var(--text-1);margin-bottom:4px;}\n.dc-item{padding:14px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--r2);}\n.dc-item-head{font-family:var(--ff-h);font-size:13px;font-weight:700;color:var(--text-1);margin-bottom:5px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:7px;}\n.dc-ico{width:22px;height:22px;border-radius:6px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-size:11px;flex-shrink:0;}\n.dc-ico-cu{background:var(--cu-dim);}\n.dc-ico-teal{background:var(--teal-dim);}\n.dc-ico-q{background:var(--bg-light);}\n.dc-desc{font-size:12px;color:var(--text-2);line-height:1.6;}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550 CONDUCTIVITY SHOWCASE \u2550\u2550 *\/\n.cond-layout{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:48px;align-items:center;}\n@media(max-width:800px){.cond-layout{grid-template-columns:1fr;}}\n.cond-img{border-radius:var(--r3);overflow:hidden;aspect-ratio:4\/3;border:1px solid var(--border);box-shadow:0 4px 24px rgba(31,41,55,0.08);}\n.cond-img img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;}\n.cond-bars{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:14px;}\n.cbar-row{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:14px;}\n.cbar-label{font-family:var(--ff-m);font-size:11px;font-weight:700;color:var(--text-1);min-width:140px;}\n.cbar-outer{flex:1;height:30px;background:var(--bg-light);border-radius:var(--r2);overflow:hidden;border:1px solid var(--border);}\n.cbar-inner{height:100%;border-radius:var(--r2);display:flex;align-items:center;padding-left:10px;}\n.cbar-val{font-family:var(--ff-h);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;color:#fff;white-space:nowrap;}\n.cbar-c101{background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--cu-red),#E05300);width:100%;}\n.cbar-c110{background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--cu),#D97706);width:99%;}\n.cbar-ag{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#6B7280,#9CA3AF);width:106%;}\n.cbar-al{background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--blue),#60A5FA);width:43%;}\n.cbar-au{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#92400E,#B45309);width:73%;}\n.cbar-brass{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#374151,#6B7280);width:26%;}\n.cbar-ss{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#1F2937,#374151);width:2%;}\n.cbar-note{font-size:11px;color:var(--text-3);text-align:right;min-width:80px;}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550 WHY COPPER PILLARS \u2550\u2550 *\/\n.cu-pillars{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:14px;margin-bottom:36px;}\n@media(max-width:900px){.cu-pillars{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;}}\n.cu-pillar{padding:22px;background:#fff;border:1.5px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--r3);transition:all 0.2s;}\n.cu-pillar:hover{border-color:var(--cu);transform:translateY(-2px);box-shadow:0 8px 24px rgba(180,83,9,0.08);}\n.cp-val{font-family:var(--ff-h);font-size:30px;font-weight:900;color:var(--cu);line-height:1;margin-bottom:6px;}\n.cp-title{font-family:var(--ff-h);font-size:13px;font-weight:700;color:var(--text-1);margin-bottom:4px;}\n.cp-desc{font-size:12px;color:var(--text-2);line-height:1.55;}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550 COMPARISON TABLE \u2550\u2550 *\/\n.cmp-table-wrap{overflow-x:auto;}\n.cmp-table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border:1.5px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--r3);overflow:hidden;min-width:540px;}\n.cmp-table thead th{padding:11px 14px;background:var(--bg-light);font-family:var(--ff-h);font-size:11px;font-weight:700;color:var(--text-2);letter-spacing:.5px;text-transform:uppercase;text-align:left;border-bottom:1.5px solid var(--border);}\n.cmp-table thead th:nth-child(2){color:var(--cu);}\n.cmp-table thead th:nth-child(3){color:var(--cu-red);}\n.cmp-table thead th:nth-child(4){color:var(--text-3);}\n.cmp-table thead th:nth-child(5){color:var(--text-3);}\n.cmp-table tbody td{padding:11px 14px;font-size:12px;color:var(--text-2);border-bottom:1px solid var(--border);vertical-align:top;}\n.cmp-table tbody tr:last-child td{border-bottom:none;}\n.cmp-table tbody tr:hover td{background:var(--bg-light);}\n.cmp-table tbody td:first-child{font-family:var(--ff-m);font-size:10px;color:var(--text-3);letter-spacing:1px;text-transform:uppercase;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:500;}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550 MACHINING NOTES \u2550\u2550 *\/\n.mc-cols{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:20px;}\n@media(max-width:700px){.mc-cols{grid-template-columns:1fr;}}\n.mc-box{padding:24px;background:#fff;border:1.5px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--r3);}\n.mc-head{font-family:var(--ff-h);font-size:16px;font-weight:700;color:var(--text-1);margin-bottom:14px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;}\n.mc-ico{width:32px;height:32px;border-radius:8px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-size:14px;flex-shrink:0;}\n.mc-ico-red{background:rgba(239,68,68,0.1);}\n.mc-ico-cu{background:var(--cu-dim);}\n.mc-row{display:flex;gap:8px;align-items:flex-start;font-size:13px;color:var(--text-2);margin-bottom:10px;line-height:1.6;}\n.mc-row:last-child{margin-bottom:0;}\n.mc-dot-r{color:#DC2626;font-weight:700;flex-shrink:0;}\n.mc-dot-cu{color:var(--cu);font-weight:700;flex-shrink:0;}\n.mc-row strong{color:var(--text-1);font-weight:600;display:block;margin-bottom:2px;}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550 CAPABILITIES \u2550\u2550 *\/\n.cap-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;}\n@media(max-width:900px){.cap-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;}}\n@media(max-width:500px){.cap-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;}}\n.cap-card{background:#fff;border:1.5px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--r3);overflow:hidden;transition:all 0.22s;}\n.cap-card:hover{border-color:var(--cu);transform:translateY(-3px);box-shadow:0 10px 28px rgba(180,83,9,0.1);}\n.cc-img{aspect-ratio:16\/9;overflow:hidden;}\n.cc-img img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;transition:transform 0.4s;}\n.cap-card:hover .cc-img img{transform:scale(1.05);}\n.cc-body{padding:18px;}\n.cc-num{font-family:var(--ff-m);font-size:10px;color:var(--text-3);letter-spacing:2px;margin-bottom:8px;}\n.cc-title{font-family:var(--ff-h);font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:var(--text-1);margin-bottom:7px;}\n.cc-desc{font-size:12px;color:var(--text-2);line-height:1.65;margin-bottom:10px;}\n.cc-tags{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:4px;}\n.cct{padding:2px 8px;border-radius:100px;background:var(--bg-light);border:1px solid var(--border);font-family:var(--ff-m);font-size:10px;color:var(--text-3);}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550 TYPICAL PARTS \u2550\u2550 *\/\n.parts-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:14px;}\n@media(max-width:800px){.parts-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;}}\n@media(max-width:500px){.parts-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;}}\n.part-card{background:#fff;border:1.5px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--r3);overflow:hidden;transition:all 0.22s;cursor:pointer;}\n.part-card:hover{border-color:var(--cu);transform:translateY(-3px);box-shadow:0 10px 28px rgba(180,83,9,0.1);}\n.pc-img{aspect-ratio:4\/3;overflow:hidden;position:relative;}\n.pc-img img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;transition:transform 0.45s;}\n.part-card:hover .pc-img img{transform:scale(1.07);}\n.pc-badge{position:absolute;top:10px;left:10px;padding:3px 10px;border-radius:100px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.92);backdrop-filter:blur(4px);font-family:var(--ff-m);font-size:10px;font-weight:700;color:var(--cu);}\n.pc-body{padding:16px;}\n.pc-title{font-family:var(--ff-h);font-size:14px;font-weight:700;color:var(--text-1);margin-bottom:8px;}\n.pc-row{display:flex;gap:8px;margin-bottom:4px;}\n.pc-k{font-family:var(--ff-m);font-size:10px;min-width:52px;color:var(--text-3);}\n.pc-v{font-size:12px;color:var(--text-2);}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550 CASE STUDIES \u2550\u2550 *\/\n.case-list{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:28px;}\n.case-card{background:#fff;border:1.5px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--r4);overflow:hidden;transition:all 0.25s;}\n.case-card:hover{border-color:var(--cu);box-shadow:0 12px 40px rgba(180,83,9,0.1);}\n.case-inner{display:grid;grid-template-columns:400px 1fr;}\n@media(max-width:900px){.case-inner{grid-template-columns:1fr;}}\n.case-inner.rev{direction:rtl;}\n.case-inner.rev>*{direction:ltr;}\n.case-imgs{display:flex;flex-direction:column;}\n.ci-main{flex:1;overflow:hidden;min-height:260px;}\n.ci-main img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;transition:transform 0.4s;}\n.case-card:hover .ci-main img{transform:scale(1.04);}\n.ci-row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;border-top:3px solid #fff;}\n.ci-sm{overflow:hidden;aspect-ratio:4\/3;}\n.ci-sm img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;}\n.case-body{padding:32px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}\n.case-num{font-family:var(--ff-m);font-size:10px;color:var(--text-3);letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:10px;}\n.case-title{font-family:var(--ff-h);font-size:20px;font-weight:700;color:var(--text-1);margin-bottom:14px;line-height:1.2;}\n.case-tags{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:5px;margin-bottom:16px;}\n.case-row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:80px 1fr;gap:8px;margin-bottom:9px;align-items:start;}\n.cr-k{font-family:var(--ff-m);font-size:10px;color:var(--text-3);letter-spacing:1px;text-transform:uppercase;padding-top:1px;}\n.cr-v{font-size:13px;color:var(--text-2);line-height:1.6;}\n.cr-v strong{color:var(--text-1);font-weight:600;}\n.case-outcome{padding:13px 15px;background:var(--cu-dim);border:1px solid var(--cu-border);border-radius:var(--r2);font-size:13px;color:var(--text-2);line-height:1.65;margin:14px 0 18px;}\n.case-outcome strong{color:var(--cu);}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550 PROCESS FLOW \u2550\u2550 *\/\n.flow-strip{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(5,1fr);border:1.5px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--r3);overflow:hidden;background:#fff;box-shadow:0 2px 12px rgba(31,41,55,0.05);}\n@media(max-width:768px){.flow-strip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;}}\n.flow-step{border-right:1px solid var(--border);transition:background 0.18s;}\n.flow-step:last-child{border-right:none;}\n.flow-step:hover{background:var(--bg-light);}\n.fs-img{aspect-ratio:4\/3;overflow:hidden;}\n.fs-img img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;transition:transform 0.4s;}\n.flow-step:hover .fs-img img{transform:scale(1.07);}\n.fs-body{padding:16px;}\n.fs-num{font-family:var(--ff-m);font-size:10px;color:var(--cu);letter-spacing:2px;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:7px;}\n.fs-title{font-family:var(--ff-h);font-size:13px;font-weight:700;color:var(--text-1);margin-bottom:5px;}\n.fs-desc{font-size:11px;color:var(--text-2);line-height:1.6;}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550 SURFACE TREATMENTS \u2550\u2550 *\/\n.sf-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:14px;}\n@media(max-width:900px){.sf-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;}}\n.sf-card{background:#fff;border:1.5px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--r3);overflow:hidden;transition:all 0.22s;}\n.sf-card:hover{border-color:var(--teal);transform:translateY(-2px);box-shadow:0 8px 24px rgba(15,118,110,0.1);}\n.sf-img{aspect-ratio:4\/3;overflow:hidden;}\n.sf-img img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;transition:transform 0.4s;}\n.sf-card:hover .sf-img img{transform:scale(1.05);}\n.sf-body{padding:16px;}\n.sf-name{font-family:var(--ff-h);font-size:14px;font-weight:700;color:var(--text-1);margin-bottom:6px;}\n.sf-desc{font-size:12px;color:var(--text-2);line-height:1.65;margin-bottom:10px;}\n.sf-tags{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:4px;}\n.sft{padding:2px 8px;border-radius:100px;background:var(--teal-dim);border:1px solid rgba(15,118,110,0.2);font-family:var(--ff-m);font-size:10px;color:var(--teal);}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550 WHY US \u2550\u2550 *\/\n.why-layout{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:48px;align-items:center;}\n@media(max-width:800px){.why-layout{grid-template-columns:1fr;}}\n.why-img{border-radius:var(--r3);overflow:hidden;aspect-ratio:4\/3;border:1px solid var(--border);box-shadow:0 4px 24px rgba(31,41,55,0.08);}\n.why-img img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;}\n.why-points{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:14px;}\n.wp-item{display:flex;gap:13px;align-items:flex-start;padding:16px;background:#fff;border:1.5px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--r2);transition:all 0.2s;}\n.wp-item:hover{border-color:var(--cu);}\n.wp-ico{width:38px;height:38px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--cu-dim);border:1px solid var(--cu-border);display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-family:var(--ff-m);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;color:var(--cu);flex-shrink:0;}\n.wp-title{font-family:var(--ff-h);font-size:14px;font-weight:700;color:var(--text-1);margin-bottom:4px;}\n.wp-desc{font-size:12px;color:var(--text-2);line-height:1.65;}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550 INDUSTRIES \u2550\u2550 *\/\n.ind-row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(6,1fr);gap:12px;}\n@media(max-width:900px){.ind-row{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);}}\n@media(max-width:480px){.ind-row{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;}}\n.ind-mini{padding:18px 12px;text-align:center;background:#fff;border:1.5px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--r2);transition:all 0.2s;}\n.ind-mini:hover{border-color:var(--cu);box-shadow:0 6px 18px rgba(180,83,9,0.09);}\n.im-icon{font-size:22px;margin-bottom:8px;}\n.im-name{font-family:var(--ff-h);font-size:13px;font-weight:700;color:var(--text-1);margin-bottom:3px;}\n.im-grade{font-family:var(--ff-m);font-size:10px;color:var(--text-3);}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550 FAQ \u2550\u2550 *\/\n.faq-layout{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 2fr;gap:56px;align-items:start;}\n@media(max-width:800px){.faq-layout{grid-template-columns:1fr;}}\n.faq-list{border:1.5px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--r3);overflow:hidden;}\n.faq-item{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border);}\n.faq-item:last-child{border-bottom:none;}\n.faq-q{width:100%;padding:18px 22px;background:none;border:none;cursor:pointer;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:14px;font-family:var(--ff-h);font-size:14px;font-weight:700;color:var(--text-1);text-align:left;transition:background 0.15s;}\n.faq-q:hover{background:var(--bg-light);}\n.faq-q.open{color:var(--cu);background:var(--cu-dim);}\n.faq-icon{width:24px;height:24px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--bg-light);border:1px solid var(--border);display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-size:14px;flex-shrink:0;transition:all 0.2s;color:var(--text-2);}\n.faq-q.open .faq-icon{background:var(--cu);border-color:var(--cu);color:#fff;transform:rotate(45deg);}\n.faq-a{display:none;padding:0 22px 18px;font-size:14px;color:var(--text-2);line-height:1.75;}\n.faq-a.open{display:block;}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550 METRICS \u2550\u2550 *\/\n.metrics{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);background:var(--cu);}\n@media(max-width:640px){.metrics{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;}}\n.metric{padding:36px 24px;text-align:center;border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.15);}\n.metric:last-child{border-right:none;}\n.metric-val{font-family:var(--ff-h);font-size:38px;font-weight:900;color:#fff;line-height:1;}\n.metric-unit{font-size:16px;}\n.metric-lbl{font-family:var(--ff-m);font-size:10px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,0.65);margin-top:8px;}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550 CTA \u2550\u2550 *\/\n.cta{position:relative;padding:100px 0;overflow:hidden;}\n.cta-bg{position:absolute;inset:0;}\n.cta-bg img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;filter:brightness(0.22);}\n.cta-overlay{position:absolute;inset:0;background:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(180,83,9,0.82),rgba(15,118,110,0.52));}\n.cta-dots{position:absolute;inset:0;background-image:radial-gradient(circle,rgba(255,255,255,0.1) 1px,transparent 1px);background-size:24px 24px;}\n.cta-inner{position:relative;z-index:2;text-align:center;}\n.cta-lbl{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;font-family:var(--ff-m);font-size:11px;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,0.65);margin-bottom:16px;justify-content:center;}\n.cta-lbl::before{content:'';width:16px;height:1.5px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.5);}\n.cta-h2{font-family:var(--ff-h);font-size:clamp(26px,3.5vw,52px);font-weight:700;color:#fff;margin-bottom:14px;line-height:1.1;}\n.cta-sub{font-size:16px;color:rgba(255,255,255,0.78);margin-bottom:36px;max-width:520px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.75;}\n.cta-btns{display:flex;gap:14px;justify-content:center;flex-wrap:wrap;}\n.why-img{\n  width:100% !important;\n  max-width:none !important;\n  overflow:visible !important;\n}\n.why-img video{\n  display:block !important;\n  width:100% !important;\n  max-width:none !important;\n  min-width:100% !important;\n  height:auto !important;\n  object-fit:contain !important;\n  margin:0 !important;\n  padding:0 !important;\n  border:none !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n\n<!-- BREADCRUMB -->\n<div class=\"breadcrumb\">\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\n    <div class=\"bc-inner\">\n      <a href=\"\/\">Home<\/a><span class=\"bc-sep\">\/<\/span>\n      <a href=\"\/material\/\">Materials<\/a><span class=\"bc-sep\">\/<\/span>\n      <a href=\"\/material\/copper\/\">Copper &amp; Brass<\/a><span class=\"bc-sep\">\/<\/span>\n      <span class=\"bc-current\">Copper \u2014 C110 \/ T2 \/ C101 Oxygen-Free<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n     1. HERO\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n<section class=\"hero\">\n  <div class=\"hero-dot\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\n    <div class=\"hero-inner\">\n      <div>\n        <div class=\"label\">Copper CNC Machining<\/div>\n        <h1 class=\"hero-h1\">Copper CNC<br><span style=\"color:var(--cu);\">Machining<\/span><\/h1>\n        <div class=\"hero-kicker\">\n          <span class=\"hk-pill\"><span class=\"hk-dot\"><\/span>C110 \/ T2 ETP Copper<\/span>\n          <span class=\"hk-pill\"><span class=\"hk-dot\"><\/span>C101 Oxygen-Free (OFHC)<\/span>\n          <span class=\"hk-pill\"><span class=\"hk-dot\"><\/span>100% IACS Conductivity<\/span>\n          <span class=\"hk-pill\"><span class=\"hk-dot\"><\/span>Heat Sinks \u00b7 Bus Bars \u00b7 Vacuum Parts<\/span>\n          <span class=\"hk-pill\"><span class=\"hk-dot\"><\/span>Semiconductor \u00b7 RF \u00b7 Cryogenic<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n        <p class=\"hero-sub\">Precision CNC machining of C110 (T2) electrolytic copper and C101 oxygen-free high-conductivity copper \u2014 the highest conductivity engineering metals available. Electrical bus bars, heat sinks, RF components, vacuum parts, and semiconductor equipment components with full material certification.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"hero-btns\">\n          <a href=\"#quote\" class=\"btn btn-primary\">Get a Quote \u2192<\/a>\n          <a href=\"#quote\" class=\"btn btn-outline\">Send Your Drawing<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"hero-imgs\">\n        <div class=\"hi-main\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Precision-Thread-Drive-Parts.jpg\" alt=\"Copper CNC Machined Parts Bus Bar Heat Sink\">\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"hi-badge\">\n          <div class=\"hib-l\">Conductivity<\/div>\n          <div class=\"hib-v\">100\u2013101% IACS<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"hi-sm1\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Semiconductor-Heat-Spreaders.jpg\" alt=\"CNC Turning Copper Bus Bar\">\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"hero-bar\">\n      <div class=\"hbar-item\"><div class=\"hbar-v\">C110 \/ T2<\/div><div class=\"hbar-l\">= C101 (OFHC)<\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"hbar-item\"><div class=\"hbar-v\">100%<\/div><div class=\"hbar-l\">IACS Conductivity Ref.<\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"hbar-item\"><div class=\"hbar-v\">\u00b10.01<span style=\"font-size:12px\">mm<\/span><\/div><div class=\"hbar-l\">Standard Tolerance<\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"hbar-item\"><div class=\"hbar-v\">24hr<\/div><div class=\"hbar-l\">Quote Turnaround<\/div><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<!-- TICKER -->\n<div class=\"ticker\">\n  <div class=\"tick-track\">\n    <span class=\"tick-item\">C110 \/ T2 Electrolytic Copper <span class=\"tick-sep\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"tick-item\">C101 Oxygen-Free OFHC <span class=\"tick-sep\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"tick-item\">100% IACS Reference Conductor <span class=\"tick-sep\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"tick-item\">Electrical Bus Bars <span class=\"tick-sep\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"tick-item\">Heat Sinks &amp; Thermal Spreaders <span class=\"tick-sep\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"tick-item\">RF Shielding &amp; Waveguides <span class=\"tick-sep\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"tick-item\">Vacuum &amp; Semiconductor Components <span class=\"tick-sep\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"tick-item\">Cryogenic Applications <span class=\"tick-sep\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"tick-item\">C110 \/ T2 Electrolytic Copper <span class=\"tick-sep\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"tick-item\">C101 Oxygen-Free OFHC <span class=\"tick-sep\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"tick-item\">100% IACS Reference Conductor <span class=\"tick-sep\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"tick-item\">Electrical Bus Bars <span class=\"tick-sep\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"tick-item\">Heat Sinks &amp; Thermal Spreaders <span class=\"tick-sep\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"tick-item\">RF Shielding &amp; Waveguides <span class=\"tick-sep\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"tick-item\">Vacuum &amp; Semiconductor Components <span class=\"tick-sep\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"tick-item\">Cryogenic Applications <span class=\"tick-sep\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n     2. GRADE CARDS\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n<section class=\"sec sec-white\">\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\n    <div class=\"sec-head\">\n      <div>\n        <div class=\"label\">Material Grades<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"h2\">Copper Grades <span style=\"color:var(--cu);\">We Machine<\/span><\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"grade-grid\">\n\n      <!-- C110 \/ T2 -->\n      <div class=\"grade-card\">\n        <div class=\"gc-body\">\n          <div class=\"gc-grade\">C110 \/ T2<\/div>\n          <div class=\"gc-alias\">ASTM C11000 \u00b7 GB T2 \u00b7 Electrolytic Tough Pitch (ETP) Copper \u00b7 99.90% Cu min.<\/div>\n          <div class=\"gc-name\">Electrolytic Tough Pitch Copper \u2014 General Industrial Grade<\/div>\n          <span class=\"gc-highlight gch-cu\">100% IACS \u00b7 Most Widely Stocked<\/span>\n          <div class=\"gc-desc\">The standard commercial copper grade for electrical and thermal applications. Minimum 99.90% copper purity, with trace oxygen (0.02\u20130.04%) present as cuprous oxide inclusions from the electrolytic refining process. C110 and T2 are the same material \u2014 ASTM designation and Chinese GB designation respectively. Excellent electrical conductivity (100% IACS), outstanding thermal conductivity (391 W\/m\u00b7K), and good corrosion resistance make this the default copper for bus bars, grounding hardware, heat sinks, induction coils, and electrical contact components not requiring hydrogen atmosphere brazing.<\/div>\n          <div class=\"gc-props\">\n            <div class=\"gc-prop\"><span class=\"gcp-dot\"><\/span>Electrical conductivity: 100% IACS (reference standard)<\/div>\n            <div class=\"gc-prop\"><span class=\"gcp-dot\"><\/span>Thermal conductivity: 391 W\/m\u00b7K<\/div>\n            <div class=\"gc-prop\"><span class=\"gcp-dot\"><\/span>Not suitable for hydrogen atmosphere brazing \u2014 use C101<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"gc-uses\"><span class=\"gc-use\">Bus Bars<\/span><span class=\"gc-use\">Heat Sinks<\/span><span class=\"gc-use\">Grounding<\/span><span class=\"gc-use\">Induction Coils<\/span><span class=\"gc-use\">RF Shielding<\/span><\/div>\n          <span class=\"gc-link\">View C110 \/ T2 Details<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <!-- C101 OFHC -->\n      <div class=\"grade-card\">\n        <div class=\"gc-body\">\n          <div class=\"gc-grade\">C101<\/div>\n          <div class=\"gc-alias\">ASTM C10100 \u00b7 OFHC \u00b7 Oxygen-Free High Conductivity Copper \u00b7 99.99% Cu min.<\/div>\n          <div class=\"gc-name\">Oxygen-Free High Conductivity Copper \u2014 Premium Grade<\/div>\n          <span class=\"gc-highlight gch-cu-red\">99.99% Purity \u00b7 Hydrogen-Safe \u00b7 Vacuum Grade<\/span>\n          <div class=\"gc-desc\">Premium copper grade produced by melting and casting in a controlled oxygen-free atmosphere \u2014 oxygen content below 0.001%. The near-zero oxygen eliminates hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility, making C101 safe for hydrogen atmosphere brazing and annealing. Higher purity gives 101% IACS conductivity and superior cleanliness \u2014 essential for vacuum systems, semiconductor equipment, synchrotrons, cryogenic applications, and any part where trace contamination or outgassing must be minimized. The standard copper grade for high-technology and scientific applications.<\/div>\n          <div class=\"gc-props\">\n            <div class=\"gc-prop\"><span class=\"gcp-dot\"><\/span>Electrical conductivity: 101% IACS \u2014 slightly higher than C110<\/div>\n            <div class=\"gc-prop\"><span class=\"gcp-dot\"><\/span>Oxygen: &lt;0.001% \u2014 immune to hydrogen embrittlement<\/div>\n            <div class=\"gc-prop\"><span class=\"gcp-dot\"><\/span>Low outgassing \u2014 suitable for ultra-high vacuum (UHV) use<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"gc-uses\"><span class=\"gc-use\">Vacuum Chambers<\/span><span class=\"gc-use\">Semiconductor<\/span><span class=\"gc-use\">Cryogenics<\/span><span class=\"gc-use\">H\u2082 Brazing<\/span><span class=\"gc-use\">Scientific<\/span><\/div>\n          <span class=\"gc-link\">View C101 Details<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <!-- Decision card -->\n      <div class=\"decision-card\">\n        <div class=\"dc-head\">C110\/T2 or C101?<\/div>\n        <div class=\"dc-item\">\n          <div class=\"dc-item-head\"><div class=\"dc-ico dc-ico-cu\">\u2713<\/div>Choose C110 \/ T2 when\u2026<\/div>\n          <div class=\"dc-desc\">General electrical and thermal applications \u00b7 Bus bars, grounding hardware, heat sinks, induction coils \u00b7 No hydrogen atmosphere involved \u00b7 No vacuum or ultra-clean environment requirement \u00b7 Standard industrial and commercial applications \u00b7 More economical than C101<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"dc-item\">\n          <div class=\"dc-item-head\"><div class=\"dc-ico dc-ico-teal\">\u2605<\/div>Choose C101 when\u2026<\/div>\n          <div class=\"dc-desc\">Hydrogen atmosphere brazing or annealing required \u00b7 Vacuum system components (rough, medium, high, or UHV) \u00b7 Semiconductor equipment parts \u00b7 Cryogenic applications \u00b7 Maximum electrical conductivity needed \u00b7 Scientific instruments with contamination \/ outgassing restrictions<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"dc-item\">\n          <div class=\"dc-item-head\"><div class=\"dc-ico dc-ico-q\">?<\/div>Not sure? Ask us<\/div>\n          <div class=\"dc-desc\">Upload your drawing and describe the end application \u2014 we will confirm the right copper grade and any additional material requirements before quoting.<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n     3. CONDUCTIVITY SHOWCASE\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n<section class=\"sec sec-light\">\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\n    <div class=\"sec-head\">\n      <div>\n        <div class=\"label\">Why Copper<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"h2\">Copper \u2014 The <span style=\"color:var(--cu);\">Conductivity Reference Standard<\/span><\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- 4 pillars -->\n    <div class=\"cu-pillars\">\n      <div class=\"cu-pillar\">\n        <div class=\"cp-val\">100%<\/div>\n        <div class=\"cp-title\">IACS Reference<\/div>\n        <div class=\"cp-desc\">C110 defines the conductivity baseline \u2014 all other metals are measured against it. No common engineering metal surpasses copper's conductivity.<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"cu-pillar\">\n        <div class=\"cp-val\">391<\/div>\n        <div class=\"cp-title\">W\/m\u00b7K Thermal<\/div>\n        <div class=\"cp-desc\">Thermal conductivity 1.5\u00d7 that of aluminium and 25\u00d7 that of stainless steel \u2014 the first choice for heat sinks, spreaders, and thermal management parts.<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"cu-pillar\">\n        <div class=\"cp-val\">10\u00d7<\/div>\n        <div class=\"cp-title\">More Conductive than SS<\/div>\n        <div class=\"cp-desc\">304 stainless conducts electricity at just ~2% IACS. For electrical components in stainless housings, copper is the only practical conductor material.<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"cu-pillar\">\n        <div class=\"cp-val\">C101<\/div>\n        <div class=\"cp-title\">UHV Compatible<\/div>\n        <div class=\"cp-desc\">C101's oxygen-free composition gives ultra-low outgassing rates \u2014 essential for ultra-high vacuum chambers, particle accelerators, and semiconductor process equipment.<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- conductivity bar chart -->\n    <div class=\"cond-layout\">\n      <div class=\"cond-img\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Passivation.jpg\" alt=\"Copper Heat Sink Electrical Conductivity Applications\">\n      <\/div>\n      <div>\n        <p style=\"font-size:14px;color:var(--text-2);line-height:1.75;margin-bottom:22px;\">Electrical conductivity (%IACS) \u2014 higher is better for electrical and thermal applications. Copper is the universal reference at 100%. For context, silver is the only common metal that surpasses copper in conductivity, but at 80\u00d7 the cost.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"cond-bars\">\n          <div class=\"cbar-row\">\n            <div class=\"cbar-label\">C101 (OFHC)<\/div>\n            <div class=\"cbar-outer\"><div class=\"cbar-inner cbar-c101\"><div class=\"cbar-val\">101% IACS<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"cbar-note\" style=\"color:var(--cu-red);font-weight:700;\">Premium Grade<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"cbar-row\">\n            <div class=\"cbar-label\">C110 \/ T2 (ETP)<\/div>\n            <div class=\"cbar-outer\"><div class=\"cbar-inner cbar-c110\"><div class=\"cbar-val\">100% IACS<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"cbar-note\" style=\"color:var(--cu);font-weight:700;\">Reference<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"cbar-row\">\n            <div class=\"cbar-label\">Silver (Ag)<\/div>\n            <div class=\"cbar-outer\"><div class=\"cbar-inner cbar-ag\" style=\"width:106%;\"><div class=\"cbar-val\">106% IACS<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"cbar-note\">80\u00d7 cost<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"cbar-row\">\n            <div class=\"cbar-label\">Gold (Au)<\/div>\n            <div class=\"cbar-outer\"><div class=\"cbar-inner cbar-au\"><div class=\"cbar-val\">73% IACS<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"cbar-note\">Contacts only<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"cbar-row\">\n            <div class=\"cbar-label\">6061 Aluminium<\/div>\n            <div class=\"cbar-outer\"><div class=\"cbar-inner cbar-al\"><div class=\"cbar-val\">43% IACS<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"cbar-note\">Lighter weight<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"cbar-row\">\n            <div class=\"cbar-label\">C360 Brass<\/div>\n            <div class=\"cbar-outer\"><div class=\"cbar-inner cbar-brass\"><div class=\"cbar-val\">26% IACS<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"cbar-note\">Better machinability<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"cbar-row\">\n            <div class=\"cbar-label\">304 Stainless<\/div>\n            <div class=\"cbar-outer\" style=\"position:relative;\"><div class=\"cbar-inner cbar-ss\"><div class=\"cbar-val\" style=\"font-size:10px;\">2%<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"cbar-note\">Not for conductors<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n     COMPARISON TABLE\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n<section class=\"sec sec-white\">\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\n    <div class=\"sec-head\">\n      <div>\n        <div class=\"label\">Grade Comparison<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"h2\">C110 \/ T2 vs C101 \u2014 <span class=\"blue\">Detailed Comparison<\/span><\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"cmp-table-wrap\">\n      <table class=\"cmp-table\">\n        <thead>\n          <tr>\n            <th>Property<\/th>\n            <th>C110 \/ T2 (ETP)<\/th>\n            <th>C101 (OFHC)<\/th>\n            <th>C360 Brass (ref)<\/th>\n            <th>6061 Al (ref)<\/th>\n          <\/tr>\n        <\/thead>\n        <tbody>\n          <tr>\n            <td>Cu Purity<\/td>\n            <td>99.90% min<\/td>\n            <td>99.99% min<\/td>\n            <td>~61.5% Cu<\/td>\n            <td>&lt;0.5% Cu<\/td>\n          <\/tr>\n          <tr>\n            <td>Oxygen Content<\/td>\n            <td>0.02\u20130.04% (Cu\u2082O)<\/td>\n            <td><span class=\"badge-ok\">&lt;0.001%<\/span><\/td>\n            <td>N\/A<\/td>\n            <td>N\/A<\/td>\n          <\/tr>\n          <tr>\n            <td>Conductivity (Electrical)<\/td>\n            <td><span class=\"badge-cu\">100% IACS<\/span><\/td>\n            <td><span class=\"badge-cu\">101% IACS<\/span><\/td>\n            <td>~26% IACS<\/td>\n            <td>~43% IACS<\/td>\n          <\/tr>\n          <tr>\n            <td>Conductivity (Thermal)<\/td>\n            <td><span class=\"badge-cu\">391 W\/m\u00b7K<\/span><\/td>\n            <td><span class=\"badge-cu\">391 W\/m\u00b7K<\/span><\/td>\n            <td>~120 W\/m\u00b7K<\/td>\n            <td>~167 W\/m\u00b7K<\/td>\n          <\/tr>\n          <tr>\n            <td>H\u2082 Atmosphere Brazing<\/td>\n            <td><span class=\"badge-no\">\u2717 Risk of embrittlement<\/span><\/td>\n            <td><span class=\"badge-ok\">\u2713 Safe<\/span><\/td>\n            <td>N\/A<\/td>\n            <td>N\/A<\/td>\n          <\/tr>\n          <tr>\n            <td>Vacuum \/ UHV Use<\/td>\n            <td><span class=\"badge-warn\">Low-medium vacuum only<\/span><\/td>\n            <td><span class=\"badge-ok\">\u2713 UHV compatible<\/span><\/td>\n            <td>Limited<\/td>\n            <td>Limited<\/td>\n          <\/tr>\n          <tr>\n            <td>Machinability<\/td>\n            <td><span class=\"star-blue\">\u2605\u2605\u2605<\/span> Moderate (gummy)<\/td>\n            <td><span class=\"star-blue\">\u2605\u2605\u2605<\/span> Moderate (gummy)<\/td>\n            <td><span class=\"star-blue\">\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605<\/span> 100% (C360)<\/td>\n            <td><span class=\"star-blue\">\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605<\/span> ~90%<\/td>\n          <\/tr>\n          <tr>\n            <td>Tensile Strength<\/td>\n            <td>~220\u2013250 MPa (annealed)<\/td>\n            <td>~220\u2013250 MPa<\/td>\n            <td>~340\u2013470 MPa<\/td>\n            <td>~270\u2013310 MPa<\/td>\n          <\/tr>\n          <tr>\n            <td>Primary Applications<\/td>\n            <td>Bus bars, heat sinks, grounding, RF shielding, induction coils<\/td>\n            <td>Vacuum parts, semiconductor equip., cryogenic, H\u2082 brazing<\/td>\n            <td>Fittings, connectors, valves<\/td>\n            <td>Structural, aerospace, heatsinks<\/td>\n          <\/tr>\n          <tr>\n            <td>Standard Equiv.<\/td>\n            <td>T2 (GB), CW004A (EN)<\/td>\n            <td>TU1 (GB), CW009A (EN)<\/td>\n            <td>H59 (GB)<\/td>\n            <td>6061 (ISO)<\/td>\n          <\/tr>\n        <\/tbody>\n      <\/table>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n     MACHINING CONSIDERATIONS\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n<section class=\"sec sec-light\">\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\n    <div class=\"sec-head\">\n      <div>\n        <div class=\"label\">Machining Notes<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"h2\">Machining Pure Copper \u2014 <span style=\"color:var(--cu);\">Key Considerations<\/span><\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"mc-cols\">\n      <div class=\"mc-box\">\n        <div class=\"mc-head\"><div class=\"mc-ico mc-ico-red\">\u26a0<\/div>Challenges with Pure Copper<\/div>\n        <div class=\"mc-row\"><span class=\"mc-dot-r\">!<\/span><div><strong>Gummy, stringy chips \u2014 the biggest challenge<\/strong>Unlike brass which has lead as a built-in chip breaker, pure copper is highly ductile and produces long, stringy chips that wrap around tools, clog flutes, and re-cut the workpiece surface. Active chip management is mandatory.<\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"mc-row\"><span class=\"mc-dot-r\">!<\/span><div><strong>Built-up edge on cutting tools<\/strong>Copper's softness and stickiness cause material to weld onto cutting edges \u2014 leading to a built-up edge that degrades surface finish and dimensional consistency. Requires sharp, polished tool faces.<\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"mc-row\"><span class=\"mc-dot-r\">!<\/span><div><strong>Workpiece deformation under clamping<\/strong>Copper's low yield strength means thin-walled or delicate parts can deform under conventional clamping force. Soft jaws, precision mandrels, and reduced clamping pressure are required for precision copper parts.<\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"mc-row\"><span class=\"mc-dot-r\">!<\/span><div><strong>C101 surface contamination sensitivity<\/strong>For vacuum and semiconductor applications, machining coolant residue, tool material transfer, and handling contamination on C101 parts must be strictly controlled \u2014 post-machining cleaning protocols are as important as the machining itself.<\/div><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"mc-box\">\n        <div class=\"mc-head\"><div class=\"mc-ico mc-ico-cu\">\u2713<\/div>How We Address These Challenges<\/div>\n        <div class=\"mc-row\"><span class=\"mc-dot-cu\">\u2713<\/span><div><strong>Sharp, polished positive-rake tooling<\/strong>PCD (polycrystalline diamond) or sharp uncoated carbide inserts with high positive rake angles and polished chip faces minimize adhesion and produce cleaner chip breaks in pure copper.<\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"mc-row\"><span class=\"mc-dot-cu\">\u2713<\/span><div><strong>High cutting speed + short chip cycle<\/strong>Running at higher cutting speeds in copper reduces the contact time per pass \u2014 promoting natural chip segmentation and reducing the gummy adhesion tendency on tool faces.<\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"mc-row\"><span class=\"mc-dot-cu\">\u2713<\/span><div><strong>Controlled clamping and soft jaw fixturing<\/strong>Custom soft jaws, expanding mandrels, and reduced clamping torque protocols protect thin-walled copper bus bars and hollow sections from deformation during machining.<\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"mc-row\"><span class=\"mc-dot-cu\">\u2713<\/span><div><strong>C101 cleaning protocol included in order<\/strong>C101 vacuum and semiconductor parts are cleaned using appropriate solvents after machining \u2014 contamination control is treated as a standard part of the C101 machining process, not an afterthought.<\/div><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n     4. CAPABILITIES\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n<section class=\"sec sec-white\">\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\n    <div class=\"sec-head\">\n      <div>\n        <div class=\"label\">Manufacturing Capability<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"h2\">How We Machine <span style=\"color:var(--cu);\">Copper Parts<\/span><\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"cap-grid\">\n\n      <div class=\"cap-card\">\n        <div class=\"cc-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/CNC-Turning-Service.webp\" alt=\"CNC Turning C110 T2 Copper Bus Bar Connector\"><\/div>\n        <div class=\"cc-body\">\n          <div class=\"cc-num\">PROCESS \/ 01<\/div>\n          <div class=\"cc-title\">CNC Turning<\/div>\n          <div class=\"cc-desc\">Precision OD\/ID turning of C110 and C101 copper for cylindrical bus bar connectors, induction coil blanks, thermal interface components, and electrical contact bodies. PCD tooling and active chip management produce consistent results on copper's challenging machinability.<\/div>\n          <div class=\"cc-tags\"><span class=\"cct\">Bus Connectors<\/span><span class=\"cct\">Coil Blanks<\/span><span class=\"cct\">Contact Bodies<\/span><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"cap-card\">\n        <div class=\"cc-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Custom-CNC-Milling.jpg\" alt=\"CNC Milling C110 Copper Heat Sink Thermal Spreader\"><\/div>\n        <div class=\"cc-body\">\n          <div class=\"cc-num\">PROCESS \/ 02<\/div>\n          <div class=\"cc-title\">CNC Milling \u2014 Heat Sinks &amp; Thermal Parts<\/div>\n          <div class=\"cc-desc\">3-axis and 4-axis milling of copper heat sinks, thermal spreaders, cold plates, and RF enclosures in C110 and C101. Fin arrays, flow channels, pocket features, and complex internal geometries machined with high-pressure coolant to manage chip evacuation.<\/div>\n          <div class=\"cc-tags\"><span class=\"cct\">Heat Sinks<\/span><span class=\"cct\">Cold Plates<\/span><span class=\"cct\">RF Enclosures<\/span><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"cap-card\">\n        <div class=\"cc-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/5-Axis-Copper-Machining.jpg\" alt=\"5-Axis Copper Complex RF Waveguide Machining\"><\/div>\n        <div class=\"cc-body\">\n          <div class=\"cc-num\">PROCESS \/ 04<\/div>\n          <div class=\"cc-title\">5-Axis Machining<\/div>\n          <div class=\"cc-desc\">Complex copper waveguides, RF cavity bodies, antenna components, and multi-face cooling manifolds machined in single 5-axis setups \u2014 eliminating re-fixturing errors on precision copper parts with tight positional tolerances across multiple faces.<\/div>\n          <div class=\"cc-tags\"><span class=\"cct\">RF Waveguides<\/span><span class=\"cct\">Cavity Bodies<\/span><span class=\"cct\">Manifolds<\/span><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n     5. TYPICAL PARTS\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n<section class=\"sec sec-light\">\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\n    <div class=\"sec-head\">\n      <div>\n        <div class=\"label\">Application Gallery<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"h2\">Typical Copper Parts <span style=\"color:var(--cu);\">We Produce<\/span><\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"parts-grid\">\n\n      <div class=\"part-card\">\n        <div class=\"pc-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Passivation.jpg\" alt=\"C110 T2 Copper Electrical Bus Bar\"><span class=\"pc-badge\">C110 \/ T2<\/span><\/div>\n        <div class=\"pc-body\">\n          <div class=\"pc-title\">Electrical Bus Bars &amp; Distribution<\/div>\n          <div class=\"pc-row\"><span class=\"pc-k\">Material<\/span><span class=\"pc-v\">C110 \/ T2 \u2014 100% IACS, 391 W\/m\u00b7K<\/span><\/div>\n          <div class=\"pc-row\"><span class=\"pc-k\">Process<\/span><span class=\"pc-v\">CNC Milling \u00b7 Drilling \u00b7 Tapping \u00b7 Silver Plate<\/span><\/div>\n          <div class=\"pc-row\"><span class=\"pc-k\">Industry<\/span><span class=\"pc-v\">Power Distribution \u00b7 Switchgear \u00b7 Data Centers<\/span><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"part-card\">\n        <div class=\"pc-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Semiconductor-Heat-Spreaders.jpg\" alt=\"C110 Copper Heat Sink Thermal Spreader\"><span class=\"pc-badge\">C110 \/ C101<\/span><\/div>\n        <div class=\"pc-body\">\n          <div class=\"pc-title\">Heat Sinks &amp; Cold Plates<\/div>\n          <div class=\"pc-row\"><span class=\"pc-k\">Material<\/span><span class=\"pc-v\">C110 (standard) \/ C101 (semiconductor)<\/span><\/div>\n          <div class=\"pc-row\"><span class=\"pc-k\">Process<\/span><span class=\"pc-v\">CNC Milling \u00b7 Deep Drilling \u00b7 Nickel Plate<\/span><\/div>\n          <div class=\"pc-row\"><span class=\"pc-k\">Industry<\/span><span class=\"pc-v\">Power Electronics \u00b7 Laser \u00b7 Semiconductor<\/span><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"part-card\">\n        <div class=\"pc-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Vacuum-Feedthroughs.jpg\" alt=\"C101 Oxygen-Free Copper Vacuum Feedthrough\"><span class=\"pc-badge\">C101 OFHC<\/span><\/div>\n        <div class=\"pc-body\">\n          <div class=\"pc-title\">Vacuum Feedthroughs &amp; Flanges<\/div>\n          <div class=\"pc-row\"><span class=\"pc-k\">Material<\/span><span class=\"pc-v\">C101 \u2014 UHV compatible, low outgassing<\/span><\/div>\n          <div class=\"pc-row\"><span class=\"pc-k\">Process<\/span><span class=\"pc-v\">CNC Turning \u00b7 5-Axis \u00b7 Clean Room Pack<\/span><\/div>\n          <div class=\"pc-row\"><span class=\"pc-k\">Industry<\/span><span class=\"pc-v\">Vacuum Systems \u00b7 Synchrotrons \u00b7 Research<\/span><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n     6. INDUSTRIES\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n<section class=\"sec sec-white\">\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\n    <div style=\"text-align:center;margin-bottom:40px;\">\n      <div class=\"label\" style=\"justify-content:center;\">Industries Served<\/div>\n      <h2 class=\"h2\">Copper for <span style=\"color:var(--cu);\">Conductivity-Critical Applications<\/span><\/h2>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"ind-row\">\n      <div class=\"ind-mini\"><div class=\"im-icon\">\u26a1<\/div><div class=\"im-name\">Power \/ Electrical<\/div><div class=\"im-grade\">C110 \/ T2<\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ind-mini\"><div class=\"im-icon\">\u25c8<\/div><div class=\"im-name\">Semiconductor<\/div><div class=\"im-grade\">C101<\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ind-mini\"><div class=\"im-icon\">\ud83d\udce1<\/div><div class=\"im-name\">RF \/ Microwave<\/div><div class=\"im-grade\">C110<\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ind-mini\"><div class=\"im-icon\">\u25ef<\/div><div class=\"im-name\">Vacuum Systems<\/div><div class=\"im-grade\">C101<\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ind-mini\"><div class=\"im-icon\">\u2744<\/div><div class=\"im-name\">Cryogenics<\/div><div class=\"im-grade\">C101<\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ind-mini\"><div class=\"im-icon\">\ud83d\udd2c<\/div><div class=\"im-name\">Scientific<\/div><div class=\"im-grade\">C101<\/div><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n     8. PROCESS FLOW\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n<section class=\"sec sec-white\">\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\n    <div style=\"text-align:center;margin-bottom:48px;\">\n      <div class=\"label\" style=\"justify-content:center;\">From Bar \/ Plate to Finished Part<\/div>\n      <h2 class=\"h2\">How We Produce <span style=\"color:var(--cu);\">Copper Parts<\/span><\/h2>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"flow-strip\">\n      <div class=\"flow-step\">\n        <div class=\"fs-body\">\n          <div class=\"fs-num\">STEP 01<\/div>\n          <div class=\"fs-title\">Raw Material<\/div>\n          <div class=\"fs-desc\">C110\/T2 bar or plate per ASTM B187, or C101 OFHC per ASTM C10100 with purity certificate. Grade and conductivity verified on receipt.<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"flow-step\">\n        <div class=\"fs-body\">\n          <div class=\"fs-num\">STEP 02<\/div>\n          <div class=\"fs-title\">CNC Machining<\/div>\n          <div class=\"fs-desc\">CNC turning, milling, or 5-axis machining with PCD or sharp carbide tooling. Chip management and controlled feeds manage copper's ductility. Dry finish passes for C101 vacuum parts.<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"flow-step\">\n        <div class=\"fs-body\">\n          <div class=\"fs-num\">STEP 03<\/div>\n          <div class=\"fs-title\">Secondary Operations<\/div>\n          <div class=\"fs-desc\">Deep drilling of cooling channels, cross-port drilling, deburring, edge-breaking. Pressure testing for any fluid-carrying copper parts before plating.<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"flow-step\">\n        <div class=\"fs-body\">\n          <div class=\"fs-num\">STEP 04<\/div>\n          <div class=\"fs-title\">Surface Treatment \/ Cleaning<\/div>\n          <div class=\"fs-desc\">Silver, nickel, or tin plating coordinated as part of the order. C101 vacuum parts: ultrasonic solvent cleaning protocol. Plating certificates provided.<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"flow-step\">\n        <div class=\"fs-body\">\n          <div class=\"fs-num\">STEP 05<\/div>\n          <div class=\"fs-title\">Inspection &amp; Delivery<\/div>\n          <div class=\"fs-desc\">CMM dimensional report, conductivity cert, material cert. C101 parts individually vacuum-packed. All documentation shipped with the parts.<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<!-- METRICS -->\n<div class=\"metrics\">\n  <div class=\"metric\"><div class=\"metric-val\">100%<\/div><div class=\"metric-lbl\">IACS Conductivity (C110)<\/div><\/div>\n  <div class=\"metric\"><div class=\"metric-val\">391<span class=\"metric-unit\">W\/m\u00b7K<\/span><\/div><div class=\"metric-lbl\">Thermal Conductivity<\/div><\/div>\n  <div class=\"metric\"><div class=\"metric-val\">\u00b10.01<span class=\"metric-unit\">mm<\/span><\/div><div class=\"metric-lbl\">Standard Tolerance<\/div><\/div>\n  <div class=\"metric\"><div class=\"metric-val\">24<span class=\"metric-unit\">hr<\/span><\/div><div class=\"metric-lbl\">Quote Turnaround<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n     10. WHY CHOOSE US\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n<section class=\"sec sec-white\">\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\n    <div class=\"why-layout\">\n      <div class=\"why-img\" style=\"width:100% !important; max-width:none !important; overflow:visible !important;\">\n        <video\n    controls\n    playsinline\n    style=\"display:block !important; width:100% !important; max-width:none !important; height:auto !important; object-fit:contain !important; margin:0 !important; padding:0 !important; border:none !important;\"\n  >\n    <source src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Copper-CNC-Machining.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\">\n    Your browser does not support the video tag.\n  <\/video>\n      <\/div>\n      <div>\n        <div class=\"label\">Why Work With Us<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"h2\" style=\"margin-bottom:24px;\">Why Choose Us for <span style=\"color:var(--cu);\">Copper Machining<\/span><\/h2>\n        <div class=\"why-points\">\n          <div class=\"wp-item\">\n            <div class=\"wp-ico\">C1<\/div>\n            <div>\n              <div class=\"wp-title\">Both C110\/T2 and C101 OFHC \u2014 Specialist Experience<\/div>\n              <div class=\"wp-desc\">We machine both grades with grade-appropriate tooling, processes, and documentation. C101 vacuum parts receive the cleaning, packaging, and purity certification protocols that high-tech applications demand.<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"wp-item\">\n            <div class=\"wp-ico\">CH<\/div>\n            <div>\n              <div class=\"wp-title\">Chip Management \u2014 Copper's Core Machining Challenge Solved<\/div>\n              <div class=\"wp-desc\">Copper's gummy, stringy chips are the number one cause of quality problems on pure copper parts. Our PCD tooling, chip evacuation protocols, and feed rate management produce consistent results across production runs.<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"wp-item\">\n            <div class=\"wp-ico\">PL<\/div>\n            <div>\n              <div class=\"wp-title\">Silver, Nickel, and Tin Plating \u2014 Coordinated In-House<\/div>\n              <div class=\"wp-desc\">Electroless nickel, electrolytic silver, and tin plating managed as part of the order \u2014 including internal channel plating for cold plates and pressure-tested assemblies. No separate plating supplier required.<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"wp-item\">\n            <div class=\"wp-ico\">QC<\/div>\n            <div>\n              <div class=\"wp-title\">Material Certs + Conductivity Verification + C101 Purity Reports<\/div>\n              <div class=\"wp-desc\">ASTM B187 \/ C10100 mill certs, conductivity test certificates, OES purity reports for C101, and CMM dimensional reports \u2014 all delivered with the parts, not sourced after delivery.<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n     FAQ\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n<section class=\"sec sec-light\">\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\n    <div class=\"faq-layout\">\n      <div>\n        <div class=\"label\">FAQ<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"h2\">Frequently Asked <span class=\"blue\">Questions<\/span><\/h2>\n        <p style=\"font-size:14px;color:var(--text-2);line-height:1.75;margin-top:16px;\">Common questions about C110\/T2 and C101 oxygen-free copper \u2014 grade selection, machinability, conductivity, and surface finishing.<\/p>\n        <div style=\"margin-top:28px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:10px;\">\n          <a href=\"#quote\" class=\"btn btn-primary btn-sm\">Talk to an Engineer<\/a>\n          <a href=\"\/material\/brass\/\" class=\"btn btn-outline btn-sm\">\u2190 Brass C360 \/ C260<\/a>\n          <a href=\"\/material\/\" class=\"btn btn-outline btn-sm\">All Materials \u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"faq-list\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/FAQPage\">\n\n        <div class=\"faq-item\" itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n          <button class=\"faq-q\" onclick=\"faq(this)\" itemprop=\"name\">What is C110 copper and what is it used for in CNC machining?<span class=\"faq-icon\">+<\/span><\/button>\n          <div class=\"faq-a\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n            <div itemprop=\"text\">C110 (also known as Electrolytic Tough Pitch copper, or ETP copper) is the most widely used commercial copper grade, with a minimum purity of 99.90% copper. In CNC machining, C110 is used wherever high electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance are required simultaneously. Typical applications include electrical bus bars, grounding components, heat sinks, thermal spreaders, electrical contact components, induction coil bodies, RF shielding enclosures, and plumbing fittings. C110 is the standard copper for most industrial and electrical applications that do not require welding or hydrogen-atmosphere brazing.<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"faq-item\" itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n          <button class=\"faq-q\" onclick=\"faq(this)\" itemprop=\"name\">What is oxygen-free copper (C101) and how does it differ from C110?<span class=\"faq-icon\">+<\/span><\/button>\n          <div class=\"faq-a\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n            <div itemprop=\"text\">C101 (Oxygen-Free High Conductivity copper, OFHC) is a premium copper grade with copper purity of 99.99% or higher and oxygen content below 0.001%. The key difference from C110 is the near-zero oxygen content. C110 contains 0.02\u20130.04% oxygen as cuprous oxide inclusions \u2014 these cause hydrogen embrittlement when C110 is heated in hydrogen-containing atmospheres. C101 eliminates this problem entirely. Additionally, C101's higher purity gives it slightly better electrical conductivity (101% IACS vs 100% IACS) and is preferred for high-vacuum, semiconductor, scientific, and cryogenic applications where contamination or outgassing must be minimized.<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"faq-item\" itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n          <button class=\"faq-q\" onclick=\"faq(this)\" itemprop=\"name\">What is T2 copper and how does it relate to C110?<span class=\"faq-icon\">+<\/span><\/button>\n          <div class=\"faq-a\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n            <div itemprop=\"text\">T2 is the Chinese GB\/T standard designation for electrolytic tough pitch copper equivalent to ASTM C110. T2 has a minimum copper content of 99.90% \u2014 functionally equivalent to C110 for all CNC machining applications. When sourcing from Chinese manufacturers or supplying to Chinese customers, T2 is the standard specification; ASTM C110 is the international equivalent. We stock and machine both designations and can provide mill certs to either standard.<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"faq-item\" itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n          <button class=\"faq-q\" onclick=\"faq(this)\" itemprop=\"name\">Is copper difficult to CNC machine?<span class=\"faq-icon\">+<\/span><\/button>\n          <div class=\"faq-a\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n            <div itemprop=\"text\">Pure copper (C110, C101, T2) is more challenging to machine than brass due to its high ductility and tendency to produce long, stringy, gummy chips that cling to cutting tools. Unlike brass which has lead as a built-in chip breaker, pure copper requires careful tool selection (sharp, positive-rake geometry), controlled cutting parameters, adequate coolant, and chip management. However, copper machines significantly faster and easier than stainless steel. With proper tooling and parameters, tight tolerances and excellent surface finish are routinely achievable on C110 and C101.<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"faq-item\" itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n          <button class=\"faq-q\" onclick=\"faq(this)\" itemprop=\"name\">What is the electrical conductivity of C110 and C101 copper?<span class=\"faq-icon\">+<\/span><\/button>\n          <div class=\"faq-a\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n            <div itemprop=\"text\">C110 (ETP copper) has an electrical conductivity of 100% IACS \u2014 it is the reference material against which all other metals are measured for conductivity. C101 (oxygen-free copper) achieves 101% IACS due to its higher purity. For comparison: brass C360 is approximately 26% IACS, 6061 aluminium is approximately 43% IACS, and 304 stainless is approximately 2% IACS. Copper's unmatched conductivity makes it the first choice for any application where electrical or thermal conductivity is the primary engineering requirement.<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"faq-item\" itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n          <button class=\"faq-q\" onclick=\"faq(this)\" itemprop=\"name\">What tolerances can you hold on copper CNC machined parts?<span class=\"faq-icon\">+<\/span><\/button>\n          <div class=\"faq-a\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n            <div itemprop=\"text\">Standard CNC machining tolerance for C110 and C101 copper is \u00b10.01 mm. Tighter tolerances of \u00b10.005 mm are achievable on precision features. Copper's high ductility means it can deform under clamping pressure if not properly supported \u2014 fixturing design is important for thin-walled or delicate copper parts. For C101 vacuum components and semiconductor parts, surface cleanliness and contamination control during machining are as important as dimensional tolerance.<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"faq-item\" itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n          <button class=\"faq-q\" onclick=\"faq(this)\" itemprop=\"name\">When should I specify C101 oxygen-free copper instead of C110?<span class=\"faq-icon\">+<\/span><\/button>\n          <div class=\"faq-a\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n            <div itemprop=\"text\">Specify C101 instead of C110 when: (1) the part will be brazed or annealed in a hydrogen-containing atmosphere \u2014 C110 is susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement, C101 is not; (2) the application is in vacuum environments where low outgassing is required, such as semiconductor equipment or vacuum furnace components; (3) maximum electrical conductivity is required (101% IACS vs 100%); (4) the application is cryogenic; (5) the part will be used in high-purity environments where trace oxygen must be minimized. For all other applications, C110\/T2 is adequate and less expensive.<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"faq-item\" itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n          <button class=\"faq-q\" onclick=\"faq(this)\" itemprop=\"name\">What surface treatments are suitable for copper CNC parts?<span class=\"faq-icon\">+<\/span><\/button>\n          <div class=\"faq-a\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n            <div itemprop=\"text\">Common surface treatments for machined copper parts include: silver plating (highest electrical conductivity at contact surfaces, standard for bus bars and connectors), electroless nickel (corrosion protection, wear resistance, uniform coverage on internal geometry), tin plating (solderable, RoHS-safe alternative to silver for electrical parts), and chemical cleaning with BTA passivation for C101 vacuum parts. Copper cannot be anodized \u2014 anodizing is specific to aluminium alloys.<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<script>\nfunction faq(btn){\n  var open=btn.classList.contains('open');\n  document.querySelectorAll('.faq-q').forEach(function(b){b.classList.remove('open');var a=b.nextElementSibling;if(a)a.classList.remove('open');});\n  if(!open){btn.classList.add('open');var a=btn.nextElementSibling;if(a)a.classList.add('open');}\n}\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68da4f36 e-con-full quote e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"68da4f36\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"quote\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12c59c71 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"12c59c71\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-441606a8 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.avitem:hover .ico{background:var(--acB);}\n.HXCL .avitem .at{\n  font-family:var(--fh);font-size:14px;font-weight:700;\n  color:var(--tx);margin-bottom:2px;line-height:1.2;\n}\n.HXCL .avitem .ad{\n  font-size:12px;color:var(--tx1);line-height:1.62;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 CERT TAGS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.HXCL .certs{\n  display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:7px;\n  padding-top:20px;border-top:1.5px solid var(--bd);\n}\n.HXCL .cert{\n  padding:4px 11px;border-radius:100px;\n  background:var(--lt);border:1px solid var(--bd);\n  font-family:var(--fm);font-size:10px;color:var(--tx2);letter-spacing:.8px;\n}\n.HXCL .cert.hi{\n  background:var(--acA);border-color:var(--acC);\n  color:var(--ac);font-weight:700;\n}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"HXCL\">\n<div class=\"panel\">\n\n  <div class=\"eyebrow\">Get a Quote<\/div>\n\n  <h2 class=\"headline\">\n    Send Your Drawing.<br><em>Get a Quote.<\/em>\n  <\/h2>\n\n  <p class=\"sub\">Every enquiry includes a DFM review \u2014 tolerance feasibility, material confirmation, and process approach confirmed before production starts. MOQ 1 piece.<\/p>\n\n  <!-- Stats row -->\n  <div class=\"stats\">\n    <div class=\"stat\">\n      <div class=\"sv\">24<small>hr<\/small><\/div>\n      <div class=\"sl\">Quote Response<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"stat\">\n      <div class=\"sv\">MOQ <small>1<\/small><\/div>\n      <div class=\"sl\">Prototypes OK<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"stat\">\n      <div class=\"sv\">ISO<\/div>\n      <div class=\"sl\">9001:2015<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- Advantage list -->\n  <div class=\"avlist\">\n    <div class=\"avitem\">\n      <div class=\"ico\">&#128208;<\/div>\n      <div>\n        <div class=\"at\">DFM Review on Every Enquiry<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ad\">Tolerance feasibility, fixturing strategy, and material confirmation. Specific, actionable feedback \u2014 not generic pushback.<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"avitem\">\n      <div class=\"ico\">&#127919;<\/div>\n      <div>\n        <div class=\"at\">First Article Inspection \u2014 Standard<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ad\">FAI report on every new run. Material certs and surface treatment certs included with every shipment.<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"avitem\">\n      <div class=\"ico\">&#128260;<\/div>\n      <div>\n        <div class=\"at\">Same Process: Prototype to Production<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ad\">Process plan from your prototype applies to production batches. No re-qualification when you scale.<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"avitem\">\n      <div class=\"ico\">&#9881;<\/div>\n      <div>\n        <div class=\"at\">3 \/ 4 \/ 5-Axis CNC + Turning<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ad\">Complex structural parts, shafts, housings, and transmission components. Metals and engineering plastics.<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- Cert tags -->\n  <div class=\"certs\">\n    <span class=\"cert hi\">ISO 9001:2015<\/span>\n    <span class=\"cert\">3\/4\/5-Axis Milling<\/span>\n    <span class=\"cert\">CNC Turning<\/span>\n    <span class=\"cert\">CMM Inspection<\/span>\n    <span class=\"cert\">Global Delivery<\/span>\n  <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a093cb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5a093cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2885926b elementor-button-align-stretch elementor-widget elementor-widget-form\" data-id=\"2885926b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;step_next_label&quot;:&quot;Next&quot;,&quot;step_previous_label&quot;:&quot;Previous&quot;,&quot;button_width&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;step_type&quot;:&quot;number_text&quot;,&quot;step_icon_shape&quot;:&quot;circle&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"form.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<form class=\"elementor-form\" method=\"post\" name=\"New Form\" aria-label=\"New Form\">\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"post_id\" value=\"177\"\/>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"form_id\" value=\"2885926b\"\/>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"referer_title\" value=\"Copper CNC Machining | C110, C101 &amp; Alloys | HXCNC\" \/>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"queried_id\" value=\"177\"\/>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-form-fields-wrapper elementor-labels-above\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-text elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-name elementor-col-100\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-name\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tName\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input size=\"1\" type=\"text\" name=\"form_fields[name]\" id=\"form-field-name\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-field-textual\" placeholder=\"Name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-text elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-field_12786b6 elementor-col-100\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-field_12786b6\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCompany\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input size=\"1\" type=\"text\" name=\"form_fields[field_12786b6]\" id=\"form-field-field_12786b6\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-field-textual\" placeholder=\"Company Name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-email elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-email elementor-col-100 elementor-field-required\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-email\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEmail\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input size=\"1\" type=\"email\" name=\"form_fields[email]\" id=\"form-field-email\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-field-textual\" placeholder=\"Email\" required=\"required\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-select elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-field_0c79fc0 elementor-col-100\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-field_0c79fc0\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMaterial\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field elementor-select-wrapper remove-before \">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"select-caret-down-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-caret-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 571.4 571.4\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M571 393Q571 407 561 418L311 668Q300 679 286 679T261 668L11 418Q0 407 0 393T11 368 36 357H536Q550 357 561 368T571 393Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<select name=\"form_fields[field_0c79fc0]\" id=\"form-field-field_0c79fc0\" class=\"elementor-field-textual elementor-size-sm\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"aluminium_6061_t6\">Aluminium 6061-T6<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"aluminium_7075_t6\">Aluminium 7075-T6<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"stainless_steel_304\">Stainless Steel 304<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"stainless_steel_316l\">Stainless Steel 316L<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"carbon_steel_4140\">Carbon Steel \/ 4140<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"titanium_ti_6al_4v\">Titanium Ti-6Al-4V<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"brass_c360\">Brass C360<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"copper\">Copper<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"peek\">PEEK<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"pom_acetal\">POM \/ Acetal<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"nylon_pa6_pa66\">Nylon PA6 \/ PA66<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"ptfe_teflon\">PTFE \/ Teflon<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"polycarbonate\">Polycarbonate<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"abs\">ABS<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"other_not_sure\">Other \/ Not sure<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/select>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-select elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-field_161b5ef elementor-col-100\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-field_161b5ef\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSurface Finish\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field elementor-select-wrapper remove-before \">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"select-caret-down-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-caret-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 571.4 571.4\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M571 393Q571 407 561 418L311 668Q300 679 286 679T261 668L11 418Q0 407 0 393T11 368 36 357H536Q550 357 561 368T571 393Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<select name=\"form_fields[field_161b5ef]\" id=\"form-field-field_161b5ef\" class=\"elementor-field-textual elementor-size-sm\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"as_machined\">As-machined<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"anodised_type_ii\">Anodised Type II<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"anodised_type_iii_hard\">Anodised Type III (Hard)<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"electroplating\">Electroplating<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"powder_coating\">Powder Coating<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"black_oxide\">Black Oxide<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"passivation_ss\">Passivation (SS)<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"polishing_ra_requirement\">Polishing \/ Ra requirement<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"other_specify_below\">Other (specify below)<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"Select \">Select finish (optional)<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/select>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-textarea elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-message elementor-col-100\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-message\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAdditional Requirements\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<textarea class=\"elementor-field-textual elementor-field  elementor-size-sm\" name=\"form_fields[message]\" id=\"form-field-message\" rows=\"4\" placeholder=\"Target delivery date, critical dimensions, tolerance callouts, inspection requirements, application context...\"><\/textarea>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-upload elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-field_0071b0f elementor-col-100\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-field_0071b0f\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFile Upload\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"file\" name=\"form_fields[field_0071b0f]\" id=\"form-field-field_0071b0f\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-upload-field\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-type-submit elementor-col-100 e-form__buttons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"elementor-button elementor-size-sm\" type=\"submit\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-arrow-alt-circle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M504 256C504 119 393 8 256 8S8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248zm-448 0c0-110.5 89.5-200 200-200s200 89.5 200 200-89.5 200-200 200S56 366.5 56 256zm72 20v-40c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h116v-67c0-10.7 12.9-16 20.5-8.5l99 99c4.7 4.7 4.7 12.3 0 17l-99 99c-7.6 7.6-20.5 2.2-20.5-8.5v-67H140c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Submit Enquiry<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Home\/ Materials\/ Copper &amp; Brass\/ Copper \u2014 C110 \/ T2 \/ C101 Oxygen-Free Copper CNC Machining Copper CNCMachining C110 \/ T2 ETP Copper C101 Oxygen-Free (OFHC) 100% IACS Conductivity Heat Sinks \u00b7 Bus Bars \u00b7 Vacuum Parts Semiconductor \u00b7 RF \u00b7 Cryogenic Precision CNC machining of C110 (T2) electrolytic copper and C101 oxygen-free high-conductivity copper [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-177","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v28.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Copper CNC Machining | C110, C101 &amp; Alloys | HXCNC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"High-precision copper CNC machining for electrical contacts, bus bars, heat sinks and RF components. Pure copper C110\/C101 and alloys with excellent conductivity and machinability.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/zh\/copper-cnc-machining\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_TW\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Copper CNC Machining\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"High-precision copper CNC machining for electrical contacts, bus bars, heat sinks and RF components. 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