{"id":444,"date":"2026-04-03T14:15:59","date_gmt":"2026-04-03T14:15:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/?page_id=444"},"modified":"2026-05-14T06:47:19","modified_gmt":"2026-05-14T06:47:19","slug":"copper-cnc-machined-parts","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/uk\/copper-cnc-machined-parts\/","title":{"rendered":"\u041c\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0456 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456 \u0437 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043a\u043e\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u0427\u041f\u0423"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"444\" class=\"elementor elementor-444\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9be1cae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9be1cae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52155f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"52155f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Copper & Copper Alloy CNC Machined Parts \u2014 18 Product Lines -->\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Roboto:wght@300;400;500;700;900&family=Roboto+Condensed:wght@400;700;900&family=Roboto+Mono:wght@400;500&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n\n<!-- \u2550\u2550 JSON-LD Structured Data \u2550\u2550 -->\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"ItemList\",\n      \"name\": \"Copper CNC Machined Parts \u2014 18 Product Lines\",\n      \"description\": \"CNC machined copper and copper alloy parts across 18 product lines: conductive block, conductive fitting, electrode, welding electrode, copper busbar part, conductive terminal, busbar component, heat sink block, heat sink plate, high-frequency conductive part, transformer part, electrical connector, ground terminal, power copper part, battery connection strip part, thermal mounting seat, induction equipment copper part, and semiconductor conductive part.\",\n      \"numberOfItems\": 18,\n      \"itemListElement\": [\n        {\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Conductive Block\",\"description\":\"C101\/C110 pure copper conductive block; face flatness \u00b10.01mm; conductivity \u226599% IACS; tin or silver plated.\"},\n        {\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Conductive Fitting\",\"description\":\"C110\/brass conductive fitting; threaded interface; tin plated; current-rated contact face.\"},\n        {\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Electrode (EDM)\",\"description\":\"C110 copper or W-Cu EDM electrode; high-density copper; profile tolerance \u00b10.005mm; Ra \u22640.2\u03bcm.\"},\n        {\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"Welding Electrode\",\"description\":\"CrZrCu (RWMA Class 2) resistance welding electrode; HRC 75\u201380 (HRB); conductivity \u226580% IACS.\"},\n        {\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":5,\"name\":\"Copper Busbar Part\",\"description\":\"C110 machined busbar body; hole pattern \u00b10.05mm; drilled and tapped; tin or nickel plated.\"},\n        {\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":6,\"name\":\"Conductive Terminal\",\"description\":\"C110\/C102 conductive terminal body; crimping or bolted interface; silver or tin plated.\"},\n        {\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":7,\"name\":\"Busbar Component\",\"description\":\"Custom C110 busbar connector and branch-off body; multi-hole pattern; plated to spec.\"},\n        {\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":8,\"name\":\"Heat Sink Block\",\"description\":\"C110 copper heat sink block; base flatness \u00b10.01mm; fin profile milled or skived; conductivity \u226599%.\"},\n        {\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":9,\"name\":\"Heat Sink Plate\",\"description\":\"C110\/C1020 heat sink spreader plate; flatness \u00b10.01mm; Au\/Ni\/Ag plating for DBC substrate bonding.\"},\n        {\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":10,\"name\":\"High-Frequency Conductive Part\",\"description\":\"C110 silver-plated RF and HF conductive part; silver plate \u22655\u03bcm; geometry for skin-effect minimisation.\"},\n        {\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":11,\"name\":\"Transformer Part\",\"description\":\"C110 transformer winding form and terminal block; high conductivity; silver or tin plated.\"},\n        {\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":12,\"name\":\"Electrical Connector\",\"description\":\"C110\/brass electrical connector body; contact face Ra \u22640.4\u03bcm; tin or gold plated.\"},\n        {\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":13,\"name\":\"Ground Terminal\",\"description\":\"C110 ground terminal and grounding lug; face flatness \u00b10.02mm; tin plated per IEC 60079-14.\"},\n        {\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":14,\"name\":\"Power Copper Part\",\"description\":\"C110 power distribution copper component; drilled and tapped; conductivity \u226599% IACS; plated.\"},\n        {\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":15,\"name\":\"Battery Connection Strip Part\",\"description\":\"C110\/C1020 battery connection strip; hole pattern \u00b10.05mm; nickel plated \u22655\u03bcm; Ra \u22640.4\u03bcm.\"},\n        {\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":16,\"name\":\"Thermal Mounting Seat\",\"description\":\"C110 thermal interface mounting block; base flatness \u00b10.005mm; lapped Ra \u22640.1\u03bcm; IGBT\/module compatible.\"},\n        {\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":17,\"name\":\"Induction Equipment Copper Part\",\"description\":\"CrZrCu \/ C110 induction coil former and body; water-cooled channel; brazed joint option.\"},\n        {\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":18,\"name\":\"Semiconductor Conductive Part\",\"description\":\"C110\/C102 oxygen-free copper conductive part for semiconductor equipment; conductivity \u226599.99%; passivated.\"}\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n      \"mainEntity\": [\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"Question\",\n          \"name\": \"What copper grades do you use for electrical conductive parts?\",\n          \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n            \"text\": \"We machine five main copper grades for electrical applications. C110 (ETP copper, electrolytic tough pitch): conductivity \u226599.9% IACS, the standard grade for busbars, terminals, conductive blocks, and power distribution parts \u2014 best combination of conductivity, machinability, and cost. C101\/C102 (oxygen-free copper, OFC): conductivity \u2265100% IACS, no oxygen content to prevent hydrogen embrittlement in brazing and welding operations \u2014 specified for semiconductor equipment parts, vacuum-compatible components, and parts requiring hydrogen atmosphere processing. CrZrCu (chromium zirconium copper, RWMA Class 2): conductivity \u226580% IACS with hardness HRB 75\u201380 \u2014 the standard for resistance welding electrodes and induction equipment parts requiring both electrical conductivity and mechanical strength. W-Cu (tungsten copper, 70\/30 to 80\/20): high hardness, excellent arc-erosion resistance \u2014 used for EDM electrodes in demanding die steel applications. For heat sink applications, C110 provides the highest thermal conductivity (385 W\/m\u00b7K) of practical machined copper grades.\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"Question\",\n          \"name\": \"What plating options are available for copper machined parts?\",\n          \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n            \"text\": \"Tin plating (3\u201310\u03bcm, bright or matte): most common for copper electrical parts \u2014 prevents copper oxide formation that increases contact resistance, provides solderable surface, and is RoHS compliant. Applied hot-dip or electroplated. Nickel plating (3\u201310\u03bcm): harder than tin, better wear resistance for bolted connections, good corrosion resistance in industrial environments. Required for lithium battery connection strips and EV applications. Silver plating (5\u201325\u03bcm): best electrical conductivity and lowest contact resistance \u2014 specified for RF\/HF parts where skin effect demands maximum surface conductivity, and for high-cycle contact surfaces. Gold flash (0.1\u20130.5\u03bcm over nickel): for low-force signal contact terminals. Nickel strike + silver: standard for bus bars in high-reliability power electronics. All plating applied to specified thickness \u2014 XRF measured on request for critical parts.\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"Question\",\n          \"name\": \"What is oxygen-free copper and when should I specify it?\",\n          \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n            \"text\": \"Oxygen-free copper (OFC, C101\/C102, ASTM B170 Grade 1\/2) contains less than 0.001% oxygen, compared to 0.02\u20130.04% oxygen in standard ETP copper (C110). The oxygen in ETP copper exists as copper oxide inclusions \u2014 these do not affect conductivity (both grades are \u226599.9% IACS) but cause a critical problem in reducing atmosphere processing: at elevated temperatures, hydrogen diffuses into the copper and reacts with the oxygen to form steam, which nucleates as bubbles at grain boundaries ('hydrogen disease') \u2014 causing blistering, porosity, and mechanical failure. Specify OFC for: parts that will be brazed, soldered in hydrogen furnace, or vacuum-annealed; vacuum equipment components (vacuum brazed cooling assemblies, e-beam and ion source parts); semiconductor process equipment copper parts that must survive multiple thermal cycles in hydrogen or inert atmosphere. Standard ETP C110 is adequate for all ambient-temperature and normal soldering applications.\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"Question\",\n          \"name\": \"How do you achieve flatness for thermal interface copper mounting blocks?\",\n          \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n            \"text\": \"Thermal mounting blocks for IGBT modules, power semiconductors, and laser diode packages require base flatness \u00b10.005mm and surface finish Ra \u22640.1\u03bcm \u2014 both critical for minimising thermal interface resistance. The flatness and surface finish are achieved by lapping (fixed abrasive or free abrasive against a reference flat), not by surface grinding alone. Surface grinding achieves flatness \u00b10.01mm and Ra \u22640.4\u03bcm \u2014 inadequate for critical thermal contact. Lapping achieves flatness \u00b10.005mm and Ra \u22640.1\u03bcm by removing the surface peaks that concentrate contact pressure on a small fraction of the interface area. Thermal grease or TIM (thermal interface material) performance depends heavily on the surface condition of the copper base \u2014 a Ra \u22640.1\u03bcm lapped copper surface reduces TIM layer thickness required and improves steady-state thermal resistance by 15\u201330% compared to a ground surface.\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"Question\",\n          \"name\": \"What are CrZrCu welding electrodes and why are they used for resistance welding?\",\n          \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n            \"text\": \"CrZrCu (chromium zirconium copper) is the RWMA (Resistance Welding Manufacturers Alliance) Class 2 electrode material \u2014 the standard for resistance spot welding electrodes and seam welding wheels. It contains approximately 0.6\u20131.2% chromium and 0.03\u20130.25% zirconium. These precipitation-hardening additions provide hardness HRB 75\u201380 (approximately HRC 15\u201320) while maintaining conductivity \u226580% IACS. The hardness resists mechanical deformation of the electrode face during the forging force applied during spot welding. The conductivity ensures the welding current passes efficiently through the electrode without excessive resistive heating. Pure copper (C110) is too soft \u2014 it mushrooms and deforms at the electrode tip after a few hundred welds. CrZrCu maintains face geometry for 3000\u20135000 welds before re-dressing, typically 5\u201310\u00d7 more than pure copper electrodes. We machine all standard electrode face profiles: flat face, radius face, truncated cone, offset, and custom to drawing.\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"Question\",\n          \"name\": \"Can you machine copper heat sinks for power electronics?\",\n          \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n            \"text\": \"Yes \u2014 we machine C110 copper heat sink blocks and spreader plates for power electronics cooling. Base flatness \u00b10.01mm standard, \u00b10.005mm lapped for direct semiconductor substrate bonding. Fin geometries by milling (minimum fin width 0.5mm, height 30mm with W:H 1:15), skiving (ultra-thin fins 0.1\u20130.3mm thickness for maximum surface area), or micro-channel milling (internal water channels for liquid-cooled cold plates). For DBC (direct bonded copper) substrate heat spreader plates: base flatness \u00b10.005mm, surface Ra \u22640.1\u03bcm lapped, nickel plating 3\u20135\u03bcm for substrate bonding compatibility. For laser diode and semiconductor package heat spreaders: C101 oxygen-free copper for vacuum-compatible applications. Plating options: electroless nickel, silver, gold flash over nickel. Thermal conductivity: C110 at 385 W\/m\u00b7K \u2014 approximately 3\u00d7 better than aluminium 6061 (167 W\/m\u00b7K) for the same geometry.\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"Question\",\n          \"name\": \"What tolerances can you achieve on copper CNC parts?\",\n          \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n            \"text\": \"Copper is soft and ductile \u2014 it machines cleanly but requires sharp tools and controlled parameters to avoid burring and surface smear. Achievable tolerances: turned OD h7\/h8 (\u00b10.01\u20130.02mm) standard; h6 for precision turned copper parts. Drilled and tapped holes: position tolerance \u00b10.05mm for busbar hole patterns (standard connector spacing), \u00b10.01mm for precision locating features. Flatness: \u00b10.01mm by surface grinding, \u00b10.005mm by lapping. Surface finish: Ra \u22640.4\u03bcm turned standard; Ra \u22640.2\u03bcm fine turned; Ra \u22640.1\u03bcm lapped for thermal interfaces. Thread quality: 6H\/6g standard; 4H\/4h for precision terminal threads. Electrode profile tolerance: \u00b10.005mm for EDM electrodes (CNC milled in very hard copper or W-Cu).\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"Question\",\n          \"name\": \"What is MOQ and lead time for copper machined parts?\",\n          \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n            \"text\": \"Minimum order quantity is 1 piece for custom copper parts. Standard lead times: simple turned and milled parts (conductive blocks, terminals, fittings) without plating: 3\u20137 working days. Parts requiring electroplating (tin, nickel, silver): add 3\u20135 working days. Precision lapped thermal blocks: 5\u201310 working days. Complex parts (induction coil formers, water-cooled cold plates): 7\u201314 working days. EDM electrodes in W-Cu: 5\u201310 working days (W-Cu is significantly harder to machine than pure copper). For production quantities of 50+ pieces, volume pricing and lead times quoted individually. Material certificates (ASTM B152\/B170 or equivalent) available for all copper grades.\"\n          }\n        }\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Product\",\n      \"name\": \"Copper CNC Machined Parts\",\n      \"description\": \"Custom CNC machined copper and copper alloy parts across 18 product lines: C110\/C101\/C102 conductive blocks, terminals, busbars, electrodes, heat sinks, transformer parts, battery connection strips, and semiconductor equipment parts. Tin, nickel, silver, and gold plating. Thermal interface lapping Ra \u22640.1\u03bcm. ISO 9001:2015. MOQ 1 piece.\",\n      \"category\": \"CNC Machined Copper Parts\",\n      \"material\": [\"C110 ETP Copper\",\"C101\/C102 Oxygen-Free Copper\",\"CrZrCu (RWMA Class 2)\",\"W-Cu (Tungsten Copper)\",\"C172 Beryllium Copper\"],\n      \"manufacturer\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n        \"name\": \"HX CNC Machining\",\n        \"url\": \"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\"\n      },\n      \"offers\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Offer\",\n        \"priceCurrency\": \"USD\",\n        \"availability\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\/InStock\",\n        \"priceSpecification\": {\n          \"@type\": \"PriceSpecification\",\n          \"description\": \"Custom quotation. MOQ 1 piece. Plating and lapping managed. Material certificate available. 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.nav{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:20px;}\n.CUP .lay-topbar .nav a{font-size:13px;color:var(--tx1);transition:color .15s;}\n.CUP .lay-topbar .nav a:hover{color:var(--ac);}\n.CUP .lay-topbar .nav .cta{padding:7px 18px;border-radius:4px;background:var(--ac);color:#fff;font-family:var(--fh);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.5px;text-transform:uppercase;border:none;cursor:pointer;}\n.CUP .lay-topbar .nav .cta:hover{background:var(--ac2);}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550\u2550 LAY-BC (breadcrumb) \u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\n.CUP .lay-bc{background:var(--wh);border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);padding:13px 0;}\n.CUP .lay-bc .row{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;font-size:13px;color:var(--tx2);}\n.CUP .lay-bc .row a{color:var(--tx1);transition:color .15s;}\n.CUP .lay-bc .row a:hover{color:var(--ac);}\n.CUP .lay-bc .row .sep{color:var(--rule);}\n.CUP .lay-bc .row .cur{color:var(--tx);font-weight:500;}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n   LAY-HERO \u2014 warm amber copper gradient\n   Unique element: conductivity ring comparison\n   (SVG-based ring chart showing IACS % by grade)\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\n.CUP .lay-hero{background:var(--wh);overflow:hidden;position:relative;}\n.CUP .lay-hero .bg-dot{position:absolute;inset:0;background-image:radial-gradient(var(--rule) 1px,transparent 1px);background-size:28px 28px;opacity:.18;pointer-events:none;}\n.CUP .lay-hero .bg-tint{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;width:46%;background:linear-gradient(270deg,rgba(251,191,36,.1),transparent);pointer-events:none;}\n.CUP .lay-hero .grid{position:relative;z-index:1;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 420px;min-height:580px;gap:0;}\n@media(max-width:1060px){.CUP .lay-hero .grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;min-height:auto;}}\n\n.CUP .lay-hero .left{padding:72px 52px 72px 0;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;border-right:1px solid var(--rule);}\n@media(max-width:1060px){.CUP .lay-hero .left{padding:56px 0 32px;border-right:none;}}\n\n.CUP .lay-hero .kicker{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;margin-bottom:20px;}\n.CUP .lay-hero .kicker .badge{padding:4px 14px;border-radius:100px;background:var(--cuA);border:1px solid var(--cuC);font-family:var(--fm);font-size:10px;color:var(--cu);letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;}\n.CUP .lay-hero .kicker .code{font-family:var(--fm);font-size:10px;color:var(--tx2);letter-spacing:2px;}\n\n.CUP .lay-hero h1{font-family:var(--fh);font-size:clamp(44px,5.6vw,78px);font-weight:900;line-height:.9;letter-spacing:-2.5px;color:var(--tx);margin-bottom:14px;}\n.CUP .lay-hero h1 em{color:var(--cu);font-style:normal;display:block;}\n.CUP .lay-hero .sub{font-size:15px;color:var(--tx1);max-width:460px;line-height:1.8;margin-bottom:24px;}\n\n\/* conductivity ring comparison \u2014 unique hero element *\/\n.CUP .lay-hero .cond-block{background:var(--lt);border:1.5px solid var(--rule);border-radius:14px;padding:16px 18px;max-width:460px;margin-bottom:26px;}\n.CUP .lay-hero .cond-block .cond-title{font-family:var(--fm);font-size:10px;color:var(--tx2);letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:12px;}\n.CUP .lay-hero .cond-row{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;margin-bottom:6px;}\n.CUP .lay-hero .cond-row:last-child{margin-bottom:0;}\n.CUP .lay-hero .cond-grade{font-family:var(--fm);font-size:10px;color:var(--tx1);width:88px;flex-shrink:0;}\n.CUP .lay-hero .cond-bar-w{flex:1;height:10px;background:var(--rule);border-radius:5px;overflow:hidden;}\n.CUP .lay-hero .cond-bar{height:100%;border-radius:5px;transition:width 1.2s ease;}\n.CUP .lay-hero .cond-val{font-family:var(--fm);font-size:11px;font-weight:700;width:60px;text-align:right;flex-shrink:0;}\n.CUP .lay-hero .cond-note{font-family:var(--fm);font-size:10px;color:var(--tx2);margin-top:8px;}\n\n.CUP .lay-hero .btns{display:flex;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;}\n\n\/* right: image mosaic *\/\n.CUP .lay-hero .right{padding:32px 0 32px 40px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:8px;justify-content:center;}\n@media(max-width:1060px){.CUP .lay-hero .right{padding:0 0 44px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr 1fr;height:240px;}}\n.CUP .lay-hero .right .img-cell{border-radius:12px;overflow:hidden;border:1px solid var(--rule);flex:1;}\n.CUP .lay-hero .right .img-cell img{width:100%;height:100%;min-height:100px;filter:brightness(.84);}\n.CUP .lay-hero .right .stat-cell{background:var(--lt);display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;padding:14px;text-align:center;border-radius:12px;border:1px solid var(--rule);}\n.CUP .lay-hero .right .stat-cell .sv{font-family:var(--fh);font-size:18px;font-weight:900;color:var(--cu);line-height:1;}\n.CUP .lay-hero .right .stat-cell .sl{font-family:var(--fm);font-size:9px;color:var(--tx2);letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:4px;}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550\u2550 LAY-BAND \u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\n.CUP .lay-band{background:var(--cu);display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(5,1fr);}\n@media(max-width:768px){.CUP .lay-band{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;}}\n.CUP .lay-band .cell{padding:20px 16px;text-align:center;border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.18);}\n.CUP .lay-band .cell:last-child{border-right:none;}\n.CUP .lay-band .cell .v{font-family:var(--fh);font-size:22px;font-weight:900;color:#fff;line-height:1;}\n.CUP .lay-band .cell .v sup{font-size:12px;}\n.CUP .lay-band .cell .l{font-family:var(--fm);font-size:10px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.7);letter-spacing:1.5px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:4px;}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550\u2550 LAY-TICKER \u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\n.CUP .lay-ticker{background:var(--tx);padding:11px 0;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;}\n.CUP .lay-ticker .track{display:inline-flex;animation:cup-run 44s linear infinite;}\n@keyframes cup-run{from{transform:translateX(0);}to{transform:translateX(-50%);}}\n.CUP .lay-ticker .item{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;padding:0 22px;font-family:var(--fh);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:1.5px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.6);}\n.CUP .lay-ticker .item .gem{color:var(--cu);opacity:.9;}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n   LAY-TAB \u2014 vertical product tab section\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\n.CUP .lay-tab{padding-block:88px;background:var(--bg);}\n.CUP .lay-tab .tab-head{margin-bottom:48px;display:flex;align-items:flex-end;justify-content:space-between;gap:20px;flex-wrap:wrap;}\n.CUP .lay-tab .tab-head .sub{font-family:var(--fm);font-size:11px;color:var(--tx2);margin-top:8px;letter-spacing:1px;}\n\n.CUP .lay-tab .tab-layout{display:grid;grid-template-columns:288px 1fr;gap:22px;align-items:start;}\n@media(max-width:960px){.CUP .lay-tab .tab-layout{grid-template-columns:1fr;}}\n\n\/* nav compound modifier *\/\n.CUP .lay-tab .nav{position:sticky;top:24px;background:var(--wh);border:1.5px solid var(--rule);border-radius:20px;overflow:hidden;}\n.CUP .lay-tab .nav .nav-hd{padding:14px 20px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);background:var(--lt);font-family:var(--fm);font-size:10px;color:var(--tx2);letter-spacing:2.5px;text-transform:uppercase;}\n.CUP .lay-tab .nav .nav-btn{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:11px;width:100%;padding:14px 20px;background:transparent;border:none;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);border-left:3px solid transparent;cursor:pointer;transition:all .18s;text-align:left;}\n.CUP .lay-tab .nav .nav-btn:last-child{border-bottom:none;}\n.CUP .lay-tab .nav .nav-btn:hover{background:var(--lt);}\n.CUP .lay-tab .nav .nav-btn.is-live{border-left-color:var(--cu);background:var(--cuA);}\n.CUP .lay-tab .nav .nav-btn .dot{width:9px;height:9px;border-radius:50%;flex-shrink:0;margin-top:4px;}\n.CUP .lay-tab .nav .nav-btn .tx{flex:1;}\n.CUP .lay-tab .nav .nav-btn .tx .ttl{font-family:var(--fb);font-size:13px;color:var(--tx1);line-height:1.3;transition:color .15s;}\n.CUP .lay-tab .nav .nav-btn.is-live .tx .ttl{color:var(--cu);font-weight:600;}\n.CUP .lay-tab .nav .nav-btn .tx .sub{font-family:var(--fm);font-size:10px;color:var(--tx2);margin-top:2px;}\n.CUP .lay-tab .nav .nav-btn .cnt{padding:1px 8px;border-radius:100px;background:var(--lt);border:1px solid var(--rule);font-family:var(--fm);font-size:10px;color:var(--tx2);flex-shrink:0;}\n.CUP .lay-tab .nav .nav-btn.is-live .cnt{background:var(--cuA);border-color:var(--cuC);color:var(--cu);}\n\n\/* panel compound modifier *\/\n.CUP .lay-tab .panel{display:none;animation:cup-in .22s ease;}\n.CUP .lay-tab .panel.is-live{display:block;}\n@keyframes cup-in{from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(6px);}to{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0);}}\n\n\/* panel banner *\/\n.CUP .lay-tab .panel .banner{border-radius:20px;overflow:hidden;height:196px;margin-bottom:20px;border:1.5px solid var(--rule);position:relative;}\n.CUP .lay-tab .panel .banner img{width:100%;height:100%;filter:brightness(.36) saturate(1.2);transition:transform .6s;}\n.CUP .lay-tab .panel.is-live .banner img{transform:scale(1.02);}\n.CUP .lay-tab .panel .banner .ov{position:absolute;inset:0;background:linear-gradient(100deg,rgba(31,41,55,.75),transparent 65%);}\n.CUP .lay-tab .panel .banner .bd{position:absolute;inset:0;display:flex;align-items:center;padding:26px 30px;gap:14px;}\n.CUP .lay-tab .panel .banner .bd .dot{width:12px;height:12px;border-radius:50%;flex-shrink:0;}\n.CUP .lay-tab .panel .banner .bd .ttl{font-family:var(--fh);font-size:26px;font-weight:900;color:#fff;}\n.CUP .lay-tab .panel .banner .bd .meta{font-family:var(--fm);font-size:11px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.6);margin-left:12px;letter-spacing:1px;}\n.CUP .lay-tab .panel .banner .bd .cta{margin-left:auto;}\n\n\/* intro *\/\n.CUP .lay-tab .panel .intro{font-size:13px;color:var(--tx1);line-height:1.78;margin-bottom:20px;padding:15px 20px;background:var(--wh);border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:12px;}\n\n\/* product card grid *\/\n.CUP .card-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:12px;}\n@media(max-width:1100px){.CUP .card-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;}}\n@media(max-width:560px){.CUP .card-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;}}\n\n.CUP .pcard{background:var(--wh);border:1.5px solid var(--rule);border-radius:18px;overflow:hidden;display:flex;flex-direction:column;transition:all .22s;position:relative;}\n.CUP .pcard::before{content:'';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:3px;opacity:0;transition:opacity .2s;}\n.CUP .pcard:hover::before{opacity:1;}\n.CUP .pcard:hover{transform:translateY(-3px);box-shadow:0 10px 30px rgba(31,41,55,.09);}\n.CUP .pcard--t1:hover{border-color:var(--t1C);}.CUP .pcard--t1::before{background:var(--t1);}\n.CUP .pcard--t2:hover{border-color:var(--t2C);}.CUP .pcard--t2::before{background:var(--t2);}\n.CUP .pcard--t3:hover{border-color:var(--t3C);}.CUP .pcard--t3::before{background:var(--t3);}\n.CUP .pcard--t4:hover{border-color:var(--t4C);}.CUP .pcard--t4::before{background:var(--t4);}\n.CUP .pcard--wide{grid-column:span 2;}\n@media(max-width:560px){.CUP .pcard--wide{grid-column:span 1;}}\n.CUP .pcard .pimg{overflow:hidden;flex-shrink:0;position:relative;}\n.CUP .pcard .pimg--L{aspect-ratio:16\/8;}\n.CUP .pcard .pimg--S{aspect-ratio:4\/3;}\n.CUP .pcard .pimg img{transition:transform .45s;}\n.CUP .pcard:hover .pimg img{transform:scale(1.05);}\n.CUP .pcard .pimg .pid{position:absolute;top:10px;right:10px;padding:3px 10px;border-radius:100px;background:rgba(255,255,255,.93);backdrop-filter:blur(4px);font-family:var(--fm);font-size:10px;font-weight:700;}\n.CUP .pcard .pbody{padding:16px 18px;flex:1;display:flex;flex-direction:column;}\n.CUP .pcard .pbody .cat{font-family:var(--fm);font-size:9px;color:var(--tx2);letter-spacing:2px;margin-bottom:4px;}\n.CUP .pcard .pbody .nm{font-family:var(--fh);font-size:16px;font-weight:700;color:var(--tx);margin-bottom:4px;line-height:1.2;}\n.CUP .pcard--wide .pbody .nm{font-size:19px;}\n.CUP .pcard .pbody .dsc{font-size:12px;color:var(--tx1);line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:10px;flex:1;}\n.CUP .pcard .pbody .tags{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:4px;margin-bottom:10px;}\n.CUP .pcard .pbody .foot{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding-top:9px;border-top:1px solid var(--rule);}\n.CUP .pcard .pbody .foot .mat{font-family:var(--fm);font-size:10px;color:var(--tx2);}\n.CUP .pcard .pbody .foot .cta{font-family:var(--fh);font-size:11px;font-weight:700;color:var(--ac);letter-spacing:.5px;text-transform:uppercase;transition:letter-spacing .2s;}\n.CUP .pcard:hover .pbody .foot .cta{letter-spacing:1px;}\n.CUP .pcard .pbody .foot .cta::after{content:' \u2192';}\n\n.CUP .panel-foot{margin-top:12px;padding:12px 18px;background:var(--lt);border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:12px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;}\n.CUP .panel-foot .mat{font-family:var(--fm);font-size:11px;color:var(--tx2);}\n.CUP .panel-foot .mat span{color:var(--tx1);font-weight:500;}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n   LAY-CAP \u2014 capability\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\n.CUP .lay-cap{padding-block:88px;background:var(--wh);}\n.CUP .lay-cap .grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:48px;}\n@media(max-width:900px){.CUP .lay-cap .grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;}}\n.CUP .lay-cap .card{background:var(--lt);border:1.5px solid var(--rule);border-radius:20px;padding:26px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;transition:all .22s;}\n.CUP .lay-cap .card::after{content:attr(data-n);position:absolute;bottom:-8px;right:10px;font-family:var(--fh);font-size:88px;font-weight:900;color:var(--cuA);line-height:1;pointer-events:none;}\n.CUP .lay-cap .card:hover{background:var(--wh);border-color:var(--cuC);box-shadow:0 8px 26px rgba(180,83,9,.1);}\n.CUP .lay-cap .card:hover::after{color:rgba(180,83,9,.18);}\n.CUP .lay-cap .card .ico{font-size:28px;margin-bottom:12px;}\n.CUP .lay-cap .card .ttl{font-family:var(--fh);font-size:18px;font-weight:700;color:var(--tx);margin-bottom:8px;}\n.CUP .lay-cap .card .dsc{font-size:13px;color:var(--tx1);line-height:1.7;margin-bottom:12px;}\n.CUP .lay-cap .card .tags{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:5px;}\n.CUP .lay-cap .card .tags .sp{padding:3px 9px;border-radius:100px;background:var(--cuA);border:1px solid var(--cuC);font-family:var(--fm);font-size:10px;color:var(--cu);}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n   LAY-TOL \u2014 tolerance data\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\n.CUP .lay-tol{padding-block:88px;background:var(--lt);}\n.CUP .lay-tol .cols{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:24px;margin-top:48px;}\n@media(max-width:860px){.CUP .lay-tol .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr;}}\n.CUP .dp{background:var(--wh);border:1.5px solid var(--rule);border-radius:24px;overflow:hidden;}\n.CUP .dp .dp-hd{padding:16px 24px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);background:var(--lt);display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;}\n.CUP .dp .dp-hd .ico{width:34px;height:34px;border-radius:8px;background:var(--cuA);border:1px solid var(--cuC);display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-size:15px;}\n.CUP .dp .dp-hd .ttl{font-family:var(--fh);font-size:16px;font-weight:700;color:var(--tx);}\n.CUP .trow{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:14px;padding:11px 24px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);transition:background .15s;}\n.CUP .trow:last-child{border-bottom:none;}\n.CUP .trow:hover{background:var(--lt);}\n.CUP .trow .lbl{font-family:var(--fm);font-size:10px;color:var(--tx2);width:130px;flex-shrink:0;letter-spacing:.5px;text-transform:uppercase;}\n.CUP .trow .bar-w{flex:1;height:6px;background:var(--lt);border-radius:3px;overflow:hidden;}\n.CUP .trow .bar-w .fill{height:100%;border-radius:3px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--cu),var(--ac));transition:width .9s ease;}\n.CUP .trow .val{font-family:var(--fm);font-size:11px;font-weight:700;color:var(--cu);white-space:nowrap;min-width:80px;text-align:right;}\n.CUP .sgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:1px;background:var(--rule);}\n.CUP .sgrid .sc{background:var(--wh);padding:18px 22px;transition:background .15s;}\n.CUP .sgrid .sc:hover{background:var(--lt);}\n.CUP .sgrid .sc .lbl{font-family:var(--fm);font-size:9px;color:var(--tx2);letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:7px;}\n.CUP .sgrid .sc .val{font-family:var(--fh);font-size:21px;font-weight:900;color:var(--cu);line-height:1;margin-bottom:4px;}\n.CUP .sgrid .sc .val sup{font-size:12px;}\n.CUP .sgrid .sc .note{font-size:11px;color:var(--tx1);line-height:1.6;}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n   LAY-MAT \u2014 materials scroll\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\n.CUP .lay-mat{padding-block:88px;background:var(--wh);}\n.CUP .lay-mat .scroller{overflow-x:auto;margin-top:48px;padding-bottom:12px;}\n.CUP .lay-mat .scroller::-webkit-scrollbar{height:4px;}\n.CUP .lay-mat .scroller::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{background:var(--rule);border-radius:2px;}\n.CUP .mat-row{display:flex;gap:14px;min-width:max-content;}\n.CUP .mcard{width:252px;flex-shrink:0;background:var(--lt);border:1.5px solid var(--rule);border-radius:20px;overflow:hidden;transition:all .22s;position:relative;}\n.CUP .mcard::before{content:'';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:3px;background:var(--cu);opacity:0;transition:opacity .2s;}\n.CUP .mcard:hover{background:var(--wh);border-color:var(--cuC);transform:translateY(-3px);box-shadow:0 10px 24px rgba(180,83,9,.1);}\n.CUP .mcard:hover::before{opacity:1;}\n.CUP .mcard .img{aspect-ratio:16\/9;overflow:hidden;}\n.CUP .mcard .img img{transition:transform .4s;}\n.CUP .mcard:hover .img img{transform:scale(1.05);}\n.CUP .mcard .body{padding:18px;}\n.CUP .mcard .body .num{font-family:var(--fm);font-size:9px;color:var(--tx2);letter-spacing:2px;margin-bottom:7px;}\n.CUP .mcard .body .nm{font-family:var(--fh);font-size:17px;font-weight:700;color:var(--tx);margin-bottom:5px;}\n.CUP .mcard .body .sp{font-family:var(--fm);font-size:10px;color:var(--tx2);margin-bottom:9px;}\n.CUP .mcard .body .dc{font-size:12px;color:var(--tx1);line-height:1.65;margin-bottom:10px;}\n.CUP .mcard .body .tgs{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:4px;}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n   LAY-SURF \u2014 surface treatments scroll\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\n.CUP .lay-surf{padding-block:88px;background:var(--lt);}\n.CUP .lay-surf .scroller{overflow-x:auto;margin-top:48px;padding-bottom:12px;}\n.CUP .surf-row{display:flex;gap:14px;min-width:max-content;}\n.CUP .scard{width:228px;flex-shrink:0;background:var(--wh);border:1.5px solid var(--rule);border-radius:16px;padding:22px;transition:all .22s;position:relative;overflow:hidden;}\n.CUP .scard::before{content:'';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:3px;background:var(--cu);opacity:0;transition:opacity .2s;}\n.CUP .scard:hover{border-color:var(--cuC);transform:translateY(-3px);box-shadow:0 8px 22px rgba(180,83,9,.09);}\n.CUP .scard:hover::before{opacity:1;}\n.CUP .scard .ico{font-size:26px;margin-bottom:10px;}\n.CUP .scard .nm{font-family:var(--fh);font-size:16px;font-weight:700;color:var(--tx);margin-bottom:6px;}\n.CUP .scard .dc{font-size:12px;color:var(--tx1);line-height:1.65;margin-bottom:10px;}\n.CUP .scard .apps{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:4px;}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n   LAY-PROC \u2014 process strip\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\n.CUP .lay-proc{padding-block:88px;background:var(--wh);}\n.CUP .lay-proc .strip{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(6,1fr);border:1.5px solid var(--rule);border-radius:24px;overflow:hidden;background:var(--wh);margin-top:48px;}\n@media(max-width:900px){.CUP .lay-proc .strip{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);}}\n@media(max-width:500px){.CUP .lay-proc .strip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;}}\n.CUP .lay-proc .step{border-right:1px solid var(--rule);transition:background .18s;}\n.CUP .lay-proc .step:last-child{border-right:none;}\n.CUP .lay-proc .step:hover{background:var(--lt);}\n.CUP .lay-proc .step:hover .num{border-color:var(--cu);background:var(--cuA);color:var(--cu);}\n.CUP .lay-proc .step .simg{aspect-ratio:1;overflow:hidden;}\n.CUP .lay-proc .step .simg img{transition:transform .4s;filter:brightness(.85);}\n.CUP .lay-proc .step:hover .simg img{transform:scale(1.07);}\n.CUP .lay-proc .step .sbody{padding:14px;}\n.CUP .lay-proc .step .num{width:36px;height:36px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--wh);border:2px solid var(--rule);display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-family:var(--fh);font-size:14px;font-weight:900;color:var(--tx2);margin-bottom:10px;transition:all .2s;}\n.CUP .lay-proc .step .ttl{font-family:var(--fh);font-size:13px;font-weight:700;color:var(--tx);margin-bottom:4px;}\n.CUP .lay-proc .step .dsc{font-size:11px;color:var(--tx2);line-height:1.6;}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n   LAY-WHY\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\n.CUP .lay-why{padding-block:88px;background:var(--lt);}\n.CUP .lay-why .grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:1px;background:var(--rule);border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:24px;overflow:hidden;margin-top:48px;}\n@media(max-width:900px){.CUP .lay-why .grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;}}\n@media(max-width:500px){.CUP .lay-why .grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;}}\n.CUP .lay-why .cell{background:var(--wh);padding:36px 28px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;transition:background .2s;}\n.CUP .lay-why .cell:hover{background:var(--lt);}\n.CUP .lay-why .cell::after{content:'';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:2px;background:var(--cu);transform:scaleX(0);transition:transform .28s;transform-origin:left;}\n.CUP .lay-why .cell:hover::after{transform:scaleX(1);}\n.CUP .lay-why .cell .big{font-family:var(--fh);font-size:52px;font-weight:900;color:var(--cuA);line-height:1;margin-bottom:14px;transition:color .2s;}\n.CUP .lay-why .cell:hover .big{color:rgba(180,83,9,.18);}\n.CUP .lay-why .cell .ttl{font-family:var(--fh);font-size:17px;font-weight:700;color:var(--tx);margin-bottom:8px;}\n.CUP .lay-why .cell .dsc{font-size:13px;color:var(--tx1);line-height:1.72;}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n   LAY-FAQ \u2014 accordion\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\n.CUP .lay-faq{padding-block:88px;background:var(--wh);}\n.CUP .lay-faq .grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:16px;margin-top:48px;}\n@media(max-width:860px){.CUP .lay-faq .grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;}}\n.CUP .lay-faq .item{background:var(--lt);border:1.5px solid var(--rule);border-radius:16px;overflow:hidden;transition:border-color .2s;}\n.CUP .lay-faq .item.is-open{border-color:var(--cuC);}\n.CUP .lay-faq .item .qbtn{width:100%;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:14px;padding:17px 20px;background:transparent;border:none;cursor:pointer;text-align:left;transition:background .15s;}\n.CUP .lay-faq .item .qbtn:hover{background:var(--wh);}\n.CUP .lay-faq .item.is-open .qbtn{background:var(--wh);}\n.CUP .lay-faq .item .qbtn .qico{width:30px;height:30px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--cuA);border:1px solid var(--cuC);display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;font-family:var(--fm);font-size:12px;font-weight:700;color:var(--cu);transition:all .25s;}\n.CUP .lay-faq .item.is-open .qbtn .qico{background:var(--cu);color:#fff;border-color:var(--cu);}\n.CUP .lay-faq .item .qbtn .qtxt{flex:1;font-family:var(--fh);font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:var(--tx);line-height:1.3;}\n.CUP .lay-faq .item .qbtn .arr{font-size:13px;color:var(--tx2);transition:transform .25s;flex-shrink:0;}\n.CUP .lay-faq .item.is-open .qbtn .arr{transform:rotate(180deg);color:var(--cu);}\n.CUP .lay-faq .item .ans{max-height:0;overflow:hidden;transition:max-height .35s ease;}\n.CUP .lay-faq .item .ans .inner{padding:0 20px 16px 64px;font-size:13px;color:var(--tx1);line-height:1.78;}\n.CUP .lay-faq .item.is-open .ans{max-height:600px;}\n.CUP .lay-faq .fn{text-align:center;font-family:var(--fm);font-size:11px;color:var(--tx2);margin-top:16px;letter-spacing:.5px;}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n   LAY-INDS \u2014 industries\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\n.CUP .lay-inds{padding-block:88px;background:var(--lt);}\n.CUP .lay-inds .grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);grid-template-rows:auto auto;gap:14px;margin-top:48px;}\n@media(max-width:900px){.CUP .lay-inds .grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;}}\n@media(max-width:560px){.CUP .lay-inds .grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;}}\n.CUP .lay-inds .ic{border-radius:20px;overflow:hidden;border:1.5px solid var(--rule);position:relative;transition:all .25s;}\n.CUP .lay-inds .ic:hover{border-color:var(--cuC);}\n.CUP .lay-inds .ic:hover .ic-img img{transform:scale(1.05);}\n.CUP .lay-inds .ic--tall{grid-row:span 2;}\n.CUP .lay-inds .ic .ic-img{overflow:hidden;}\n.CUP .lay-inds .ic--tall .ic-img{height:360px;}\n.CUP .lay-inds .ic:not(.ic--tall) .ic-img{aspect-ratio:16\/9;}\n.CUP .lay-inds .ic .ic-img img{filter:brightness(.72) saturate(1.1);transition:transform .4s;}\n.CUP .lay-inds .ic .ov{position:absolute;inset:0;background:linear-gradient(180deg,transparent 40%,rgba(31,41,55,.82));pointer-events:none;}\n.CUP .lay-inds .ic .bd{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;padding:18px 20px;}\n.CUP .lay-inds .ic .bd .ico{font-size:22px;margin-bottom:5px;}\n.CUP .lay-inds .ic .bd .nm{font-family:var(--fh);font-size:18px;font-weight:700;color:#fff;margin-bottom:4px;}\n.CUP .lay-inds .ic--tall .bd .nm{font-size:22px;}\n.CUP .lay-inds .ic .bd .dc{font-size:12px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.75);line-height:1.55;}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n   LAY-CTA\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\n.CUP .lay-cta{position:relative;padding-block:112px;overflow:hidden;}\n.CUP .lay-cta .bg{position:absolute;inset:0;}\n.CUP .lay-cta .bg img{filter:brightness(.22) saturate(1.3);}\n.CUP .lay-cta .ov{position:absolute;inset:0;background:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(180,83,9,.85),rgba(37,99,235,.68));}\n.CUP .lay-cta .dots{position:absolute;inset:0;background-image:radial-gradient(circle,rgba(255,255,255,.07) 1px,transparent 1px);background-size:28px 28px;}\n.CUP .lay-cta .inner{position:relative;z-index:2;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:80px;align-items:center;}\n@media(max-width:900px){.CUP .lay-cta .inner{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:40px;}}\n.CUP .lay-cta .inner .lft .lbl{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;margin-bottom:16px;font-family:var(--fm);font-size:10px;letter-spacing:3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.65);}\n.CUP .lay-cta .inner .lft .lbl::before{content:'';width:16px;height:1px;background:rgba(255,255,255,.5);}\n.CUP .lay-cta .inner .lft h2{font-family:var(--fh);font-size:clamp(30px,4vw,58px);font-weight:900;color:#fff;line-height:.96;letter-spacing:-1.5px;margin-bottom:18px;}\n.CUP .lay-cta .inner .lft p{font-size:15px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.78);line-height:1.8;margin-bottom:32px;}\n.CUP .lay-cta .inner .lft .btns{display:flex;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;}\n.CUP .lay-cta .inner .lft .fn{margin-top:18px;font-family:var(--fm);font-size:11px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.42);letter-spacing:.5px;}\n.CUP .cta-list{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:12px;}\n.CUP .cta-list .ci{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:14px;padding:16px 18px;background:rgba(255,255,255,.08);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12);border-radius:14px;backdrop-filter:blur(4px);transition:background .2s;}\n.CUP .cta-list .ci:hover{background:rgba(255,255,255,.13);}\n.CUP .cta-list .ci .ico{width:36px;height:36px;border-radius:8px;background:rgba(255,255,255,.12);display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-size:16px;flex-shrink:0;}\n.CUP .cta-list .ci .t{font-family:var(--fh);font-size:15px;font-weight:700;color:#fff;margin-bottom:3px;}\n.CUP .cta-list .ci .d{font-size:12px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.7);line-height:1.6;}\n<\/style>\n\n\n<div class=\"CUP\">\n<!-- BREADCRUMB -->\n<div class=\"lay-bc\">\n  <div class=\"shell\"><div class=\"row\">\n    <a href=\"\/\">Home<\/a><span class=\"sep\">\/<\/span>\n    <a href=\"\/products\/\">Products<\/a><span class=\"sep\">\/<\/span>\n    <span class=\"cur\">Copper CNC Machined Parts<\/span>\n  <\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n     HERO\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n<section class=\"lay-hero\">\n  <div class=\"bg-dot\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"bg-tint\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"shell\">\n    <div class=\"grid\">\n      <div class=\"left\">\n        <div class=\"kicker\">\n          <div class=\"badge\">Product Category<\/div>\n          <div class=\"code\">CUP \u2014 18 Product Lines<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <h1>Copper<br>CNC<br><em>Machined Parts<\/em><\/h1>\n        <p class=\"sub\">18 product lines in C110 ETP copper, C101\/C102 oxygen-free copper, and CrZrCu \u2014 conductive blocks, busbars, electrodes, heat sinks, terminals, battery strips, transformer parts, and semiconductor equipment components. Tin, nickel, and silver plating. Thermal interface lapping Ra \u22640.1 \u03bcm.<\/p>\n\n        <!-- conductivity comparison \u2014 unique hero element -->\n        <div class=\"cond-block\">\n          <div class=\"cond-title\">Electrical Conductivity by Copper Grade (% IACS)<\/div>\n          <div class=\"cond-row\" id=\"cr1\"><span class=\"cond-grade\">C101\/C102 OFC<\/span><div class=\"cond-bar-w\"><div class=\"cond-bar\" style=\"width:0%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#B45309,#D97706);\" data-w=\"100%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"cond-val\" style=\"color:#B45309;\">\u2265100%<\/span><\/div>\n          <div class=\"cond-row\" id=\"cr2\"><span class=\"cond-grade\">C110 ETP<\/span><div class=\"cond-bar-w\"><div class=\"cond-bar\" style=\"width:0%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#B45309,#D97706);\" data-w=\"99.9%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"cond-val\" style=\"color:#B45309;\">\u226599.9%<\/span><\/div>\n          <div class=\"cond-row\" id=\"cr3\"><span class=\"cond-grade\">CrZrCu<\/span><div class=\"cond-bar-w\"><div class=\"cond-bar\" style=\"width:0%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#2563EB,#0F766E);\" data-w=\"82%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"cond-val\" style=\"color:#2563EB;\">\u226580%<\/span><\/div>\n          <div class=\"cond-row\" id=\"cr4\"><span class=\"cond-grade\">Brass C360<\/span><div class=\"cond-bar-w\"><div class=\"cond-bar\" style=\"width:0%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#64748B,#94A3B8);\" data-w=\"28%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"cond-val\" style=\"color:#64748B;\">~28%<\/span><\/div>\n          <div class=\"cond-row\" id=\"cr5\"><span class=\"cond-grade\">Al 6061<\/span><div class=\"cond-bar-w\"><div class=\"cond-bar\" style=\"width:0%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#9CA8B4,#D7E0EA);\" data-w=\"43%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"cond-val\" style=\"color:#9CA8B4;\">~43%<\/span><\/div>\n          <div class=\"cond-note\">IACS = International Annealed Copper Standard. 100% IACS = 58.0 MS\/m resistivity.<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"btns\">\n          <a href=\"#cupquote\" class=\"btn btn--fill\">Request Quotation \u2192<\/a>\n          <a href=\"#cupquote\" class=\"btn btn--ring\">Send Drawing<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"right\">\n        <div class=\"img-cell\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/C110-ETP-Copper-Electrical-Conductive-Parts.webp\" alt=\"Copper CNC Parts Busbars Terminals Electrodes Heat Sinks\"><\/div>\n        <div class=\"stat-cell\"><div class=\"sv\">\u226599.9%<\/div><div class=\"sl\">IACS C110<\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"img-cell\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Precision-Thread-Drive-Parts.jpg\" alt=\"Copper Conductive Block Terminal Heat Sink CNC\"><\/div>\n        <div class=\"stat-cell\"><div class=\"sv\">385 W\/m\u00b7K<\/div><div class=\"sl\">Thermal \u03bb<\/div><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<!-- STAT BAND -->\n<div class=\"lay-band\">\n  <div class=\"cell\"><div class=\"v\">18<\/div><div class=\"l\">Product Lines<\/div><\/div>\n  <div class=\"cell\"><div class=\"v\">\u226599.9<sup>%<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"l\">IACS C110<\/div><\/div>\n  <div class=\"cell\"><div class=\"v\">385<sup> W\/m\u00b7K<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"l\">Thermal Conductivity<\/div><\/div>\n  <div class=\"cell\"><div class=\"v\">Ra \u22640.1<sup>\u03bcm<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"l\">Thermal Interface<\/div><\/div>\n  <div class=\"cell\"><div class=\"v\">24<sup>hr<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"l\">Quote Turnaround<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- TICKER -->\n<div class=\"lay-ticker\">\n  <div class=\"track\">\n    <span class=\"item\">Conductive Block <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"item\">Busbar Part <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"item\">EDM Electrode <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"item\">Welding Electrode <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"item\">Heat Sink Block <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"item\">Heat Sink Plate <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"item\">Conductive Terminal <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"item\">Battery Connection Strip <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"item\">Transformer Part <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"item\">Thermal Mounting Seat <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"item\">HF Conductive Part <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"item\">Ground Terminal <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"item\">Induction Coil Body <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"item\">Semiconductor Part <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <!-- dupe -->\n    <span class=\"item\">Conductive Block <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"item\">Busbar Part <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"item\">EDM Electrode <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"item\">Welding Electrode <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"item\">Heat Sink Block <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"item\">Heat Sink Plate <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"item\">Conductive Terminal <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"item\">Battery Connection Strip <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"item\">Transformer Part <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"item\">Thermal Mounting Seat <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"item\">HF Conductive Part <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"item\">Ground Terminal <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"item\">Induction Coil Body <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n    <span class=\"item\">Semiconductor Part <span class=\"gem\">\u2726<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n     PRODUCTS \u2014 4 TABS \u00b7 18 PRODUCTS\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n<section class=\"lay-tab\">\n  <div class=\"shell\">\n    <div class=\"tab-head\">\n      <div>\n        <div class=\"eyebrow\">Full Product Range<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"heading\">18 Copper Parts Across<br><span class=\"heading--cu\">4 Product Categories<\/span><\/h2>\n        <p class=\"sub\">Select a category tab \u00b7 C110 \u00b7 C101\/C102 OFC \u00b7 CrZrCu \u00b7 W-Cu \u00b7 Tin\/Ni\/Ag Plating \u00b7 MOQ 1 piece<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <a href=\"#cupquote\" class=\"btn btn--ghost btn--sm\">Request All Products \u2192<\/a>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"tab-layout\">\n      <!-- NAV -->\n      <div class=\"nav\">\n        <div class=\"nav-hd\">Product Categories<\/div>\n        <button class=\"nav-btn is-live\" data-pane=\"pane-elec\">\n          <span class=\"dot\" style=\"background:var(--t1);\"><\/span>\n          <div class=\"tx\"><div class=\"ttl\">Electrical Conductive Parts<\/div><div class=\"sub\">Block \u00b7 Fitting \u00b7 Terminal \u00b7 Busbar \u00b7 Ground \u00b7 Power<\/div><\/div>\n          <span class=\"cnt\">7<\/span>\n        <\/button>\n        <button class=\"nav-btn\" data-pane=\"pane-heat\">\n          <span class=\"dot\" style=\"background:var(--t2);\"><\/span>\n          <div class=\"tx\"><div class=\"ttl\">Thermal &amp; Heat Sink Parts<\/div><div class=\"sub\">Heat sink block \u00b7 Plate \u00b7 Thermal seat \u00b7 Induction body<\/div><\/div>\n          <span class=\"cnt\">4<\/span>\n        <\/button>\n        <button class=\"nav-btn\" data-pane=\"pane-hfspec\">\n          <span class=\"dot\" style=\"background:var(--t3);\"><\/span>\n          <div class=\"tx\"><div class=\"ttl\">HF, Transformer &amp; Battery<\/div><div class=\"sub\">HF part \u00b7 Transformer \u00b7 Battery strip \u00b7 Electrical connector<\/div><\/div>\n          <span class=\"cnt\">4<\/span>\n        <\/button>\n        <button class=\"nav-btn\" data-pane=\"pane-elec2\">\n          <span class=\"dot\" style=\"background:var(--t4);\"><\/span>\n          <div class=\"tx\"><div class=\"ttl\">Electrodes &amp; Semiconductor<\/div><div class=\"sub\">EDM electrode \u00b7 Welding electrode \u00b7 Semiconductor<\/div><\/div>\n          <span class=\"cnt\">3<\/span>\n        <\/button>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <!-- PANELS -->\n      <div>\n\n        <!-- \u2500\u2500 PANEL 1: ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVE \u2500\u2500 -->\n        <div class=\"panel is-live\" id=\"pane-elec\">\n          <div class=\"banner\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/C110-ETP-Copper-Electrical-Conductive-Parts.webp\" alt=\"C110 Copper Conductive Block Terminal Busbar Ground Power Parts CNC\">\n            <div class=\"ov\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"bd\"><span class=\"dot\" style=\"background:var(--t1);\"><\/span><span class=\"ttl\">Electrical Conductive Parts<\/span><span class=\"meta\">7 Products \u00b7 CUP-001 to 007<\/span><a href=\"#cupquote\" class=\"btn btn--ghost btn--sm cta\">Quote \u2192<\/a><\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"intro\">Seven C110 ETP copper electrical conductive parts \u2014 conductive blocks, fittings, terminals, busbars, busbar connectors, ground terminals, and power distribution parts. C110 conductivity \u226599.9% IACS \u2014 the maximum practical conductivity for machined parts. All parts tin-plated (3\u201310\u03bcm) as standard to prevent oxide formation that increases contact resistance. Nickel and silver plating available. Hole patterns and threads inspected go\/no-go.<\/div>\n          <div class=\"card-grid\">\n\n            <div class=\"pcard pcard--wide pcard--t1\">\n              <div class=\"pimg pimg--L\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/C110-ETP-Copper-Electrical-Conductive-Parts.webp\" alt=\"C110 Copper Busbar Part Conductive Block Terminal Power Distribution CNC Tin Plated\"><div class=\"pid\" style=\"color:var(--t1);\">CUP-001\u2192007<\/div><\/div>\n              <div class=\"pbody\">\n                <div class=\"cat\">ELECTRICAL \/ 001\u2013007 \u2014 CATEGORY OVERVIEW<\/div>\n                <div class=\"nm\">C110 ETP Copper Electrical Conductive Parts<\/div>\n                <div class=\"dsc\">Complete range of C110 ETP copper electrical conductive parts for power distribution and electrical connection systems. Conductive blocks (face flatness \u00b10.01mm, conductivity \u226599.9% IACS), conductive fittings (threaded NPT\/BSP interface, current-rated contact face), conductive terminals (crimp or bolt interface, tin\/silver plated), machined busbar bodies (hole pattern \u00b10.05mm, drilled and tapped, tin or nickel plated), busbar connectors and branch-off bodies (multi-hole, custom geometry), ground terminals (face flatness \u00b10.02mm, tin plated per IEC 60079-14), and power distribution copper parts (any geometry, drilled and tapped). All parts tin-plated 3\u201310\u03bcm as standard \u2014 prevents copper oxide formation that causes contact resistance increase in service. Nickel plating for bolted connections in industrial environments; silver plating for high-cycle contact surfaces requiring minimum contact resistance. Material certificate (ASTM B152) available. Conductivity verified by eddy current method on request.<\/div>\n                <div class=\"tags\">\n                  <span class=\"chip chip--t1\">C110 \u226599.9% IACS<\/span>\n                  <span class=\"chip chip--t1\">Tin plate 3\u201310\u03bcm<\/span>\n                  <span class=\"chip chip--t1\">Face flat \u00b10.01mm<\/span>\n                  <span class=\"chip chip--n\">ASTM B152 cert<\/span>\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"foot\"><span class=\"mat\">C110 ETP \u00b7 C102 OFC<\/span><span class=\"cta\">Get Quote<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"pcard pcard--t1\">\n              <div class=\"pimg pimg--S\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Electrical-Connectors-Terminals.jpg\" alt=\"C110 Conductive Block Fitting Face Ground Tin Plated CNC\"><div class=\"pid\" style=\"color:var(--t1);\">CUP-001\/002<\/div><\/div>\n              <div class=\"pbody\"><div class=\"cat\">ELECTRICAL \/ 001\u2013002<\/div><div class=\"nm\">Conductive Blocks &amp; Fittings<\/div><div class=\"dsc\">C110 conductive blocks (face flatness \u00b10.01mm, Ra \u22640.4\u03bcm, tin or silver plated) and threaded conductive fittings (NPT\/BSP\/G thread, current-rated contact face, tin plated). Custom profiles to drawing. Conductivity \u226599.9% IACS.<\/div><div class=\"tags\"><span class=\"chip chip--t1\">\u00b10.01mm flat<\/span><span class=\"chip chip--n\">NPT\/BSP\/G<\/span><\/div><div class=\"foot\"><span class=\"mat\">C110 ETP \u00b7 C102 OFC<\/span><span class=\"cta\">Get Quote<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"pcard pcard--t1\">\n              <div class=\"pimg pimg--S\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Ground-Terminals-scaled.webp\" alt=\"C110 Copper Busbar Machined Hole Pattern Tin Nickel Plated CNC\"><div class=\"pid\" style=\"color:var(--t1);\">CUP-005\/006\/007<\/div><\/div>\n              <div class=\"pbody\"><div class=\"cat\">ELECTRICAL \/ 005\u2013007<\/div><div class=\"nm\">Busbars, Ground Terminals &amp; Power Parts<\/div><div class=\"dsc\">C110 machined busbar bodies (hole pattern \u00b10.05mm, drilled and tapped), ground terminals (face \u00b10.02mm, IEC 60079-14 tin plated), and power distribution copper parts (any geometry). All tin or nickel plated. Thread go\/no-go inspected.<\/div><div class=\"tags\"><span class=\"chip chip--t1\">Pattern \u00b10.05mm<\/span><span class=\"chip chip--n\">IEC 60079-14<\/span><\/div><div class=\"foot\"><span class=\"mat\">C110 ETP \u00b7 C101 OFC<\/span><span class=\"cta\">Get Quote<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"panel-foot\"><div class=\"mat\">Materials: <span>C110 ETP \u00b7 C101 OFC \u00b7 C102 OFC (ASTM B170)<\/span><\/div><a href=\"#cupquote\" class=\"btn btn--ghost btn--sm\">Request All 7 \u2192<\/a><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <!-- \u2500\u2500 PANEL 2: THERMAL & HEAT SINK \u2500\u2500 -->\n        <div class=\"panel\" id=\"pane-heat\">\n          <div class=\"banner\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Thermal-Interface-Mounting-Seats-\u2014-Lapped.webp\" alt=\"C110 Copper Heat Sink Block Plate Thermal Mounting Seat Induction CNC Lapped\">\n            <div class=\"ov\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"bd\"><span class=\"dot\" style=\"background:var(--t2);\"><\/span><span class=\"ttl\">Thermal &amp; Heat Sink Parts<\/span><span class=\"meta\">4 Products \u00b7 CUP-008 to 011<\/span><a href=\"#cupquote\" class=\"btn btn--ghost btn--sm cta\">Quote \u2192<\/a><\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"intro\">Four C110 copper thermal management parts \u2014 heat sink blocks, heat sink spreader plates, thermal interface mounting seats, and induction equipment copper bodies. C110 thermal conductivity 385 W\/m\u00b7K \u2014 3\u00d7 better than aluminium 6061 (167 W\/m\u00b7K). Thermal mounting seat base lapped to \u00b10.005mm flatness and Ra \u22640.1\u03bcm \u2014 the surface quality required for minimum thermal interface resistance at semiconductor package contacts.<\/div>\n          <div class=\"card-grid\">\n\n            <div class=\"pcard pcard--wide pcard--t2\">\n              <div class=\"pimg pimg--L\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Thermal-Interface-Mounting-Seats-\u2014-Lapped.webp\" alt=\"C110 Copper Thermal Mounting Seat IGBT Laser Module DBC Lapped Ra \u22640.1\u03bcm Flatness \u00b10.005mm\"><div class=\"pid\" style=\"color:var(--t2);\">CUP-016<\/div><\/div>\n              <div class=\"pbody\">\n                <div class=\"cat\">THERMAL \/ 016 \u2014 FEATURED<\/div>\n                <div class=\"nm\">Thermal Interface Mounting Seats \u2014 Lapped<\/div>\n                <div class=\"dsc\">C110 precision copper thermal mounting blocks for power semiconductor modules (IGBT, MOSFET, SiC, GaN), laser diode packages, and DBC (direct bonded copper) substrate assembly. Thermal conductivity 385 W\/m\u00b7K. Base flatness lapped to \u00b10.005mm \u2014 surface grinding alone achieves \u00b10.01mm which is insufficient for the pressure distribution required at semiconductor package interfaces. Ra \u22640.1\u03bcm base surface \u2014 reduces TIM (thermal interface material) layer thickness required for void-free contact, improving steady-state thermal resistance by 15\u201330% compared to a ground surface. Mounting hole pattern tolerance \u00b10.01mm for PCB alignment. Nickel plating 3\u20135\u03bcm on all surfaces for corrosion resistance and module solder\/epoxy adhesion compatibility. C101 oxygen-free copper available for vacuum-compatible or hydrogen atmosphere applications. Thermal resistance improvement verified by measurement \u2014 documentary evidence available on request.<\/div>\n                <div class=\"tags\">\n                  <span class=\"chip chip--t2\">Flatness \u00b10.005mm lapped<\/span>\n                  <span class=\"chip chip--t2\">Ra \u22640.1\u03bcm<\/span>\n                  <span class=\"chip chip--t2\">385 W\/m\u00b7K<\/span>\n                  <span class=\"chip chip--n\">Ni plate compatible<\/span>\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"foot\"><span class=\"mat\">C110 ETP \u00b7 C101 OFC<\/span><span class=\"cta\">Get Quote<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"pcard pcard--t2\">\n              <div class=\"pimg pimg--S\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Copper-Heat-Sinks-scaled.webp\" alt=\"C110 Copper Heat Sink Block Milled Fins Skived Fins Power Electronics\"><div class=\"pid\" style=\"color:var(--t2);\">CUP-008<\/div><\/div>\n              <div class=\"pbody\"><div class=\"cat\">THERMAL \/ 008<\/div><div class=\"nm\">Heat Sink Blocks<\/div><div class=\"dsc\">C110 copper heat sink blocks with milled fins (min fin 0.5mm wide, 30mm tall) or skived ultra-thin fins (0.1\u20130.3mm). Base flatness \u00b10.01mm. 385 W\/m\u00b7K \u2014 3\u00d7 better than Al6061. Tin or nickel plated. Custom profile to drawing.<\/div><div class=\"tags\"><span class=\"chip chip--t2\">385 W\/m\u00b7K<\/span><span class=\"chip chip--n\">Fin from 0.1mm<\/span><\/div><div class=\"foot\"><span class=\"mat\">C110 ETP \u00b7 C101 OFC<\/span><span class=\"cta\">Get Quote<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"pcard pcard--t2\">\n              <div class=\"pimg pimg--S\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Fin-Heat-Sinks-scaled.webp\" alt=\"C110 Copper Heat Sink Spreader Plate DBC Substrate Ni Au Plated\"><div class=\"pid\" style=\"color:var(--t2);\">CUP-009<\/div><\/div>\n              <div class=\"pbody\"><div class=\"cat\">THERMAL \/ 009<\/div><div class=\"nm\">Heat Sink Spreader Plates<\/div><div class=\"dsc\">C110\/C1020 heat spreader plates for DBC substrate and power module assembly. Flatness \u00b10.01mm (\u00b10.005mm lapped on request). Electroless nickel 3\u20135\u03bcm for substrate bonding compatibility; gold flash option for DBC Cu solder bonding. C101 OFC for vacuum applications.<\/div><div class=\"tags\"><span class=\"chip chip--t2\">DBC compatible<\/span><span class=\"chip chip--n\">Au\/Ni plated<\/span><\/div><div class=\"foot\"><span class=\"mat\">C110 \u00b7 C101 OFC \u00b7 C1020<\/span><span class=\"cta\">Get Quote<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"panel-foot\"><div class=\"mat\">Materials: <span>C110 ETP \u00b7 C101\/C102 OFC \u00b7 C1020 \u00b7 CrZrCu<\/span><\/div><a href=\"#cupquote\" class=\"btn btn--ghost btn--sm\">Request All 4 \u2192<\/a><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <!-- \u2500\u2500 PANEL 3: HF, TRANSFORMER & BATTERY \u2500\u2500 -->\n        <div class=\"panel\" id=\"pane-hfspec\">\n          <div class=\"banner\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/High-Frequency-Conductive-Parts-\u2014-Silver-Plated.webp\" alt=\"C110 Silver-Plated HF RF Transformer Battery Strip Electrical Connector Copper CNC\">\n            <div class=\"ov\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"bd\"><span class=\"dot\" style=\"background:var(--t3);\"><\/span><span class=\"ttl\">HF, Transformer &amp; Battery Parts<\/span><span class=\"meta\">4 Products \u00b7 CUP-010 to 015<\/span><a href=\"#cupquote\" class=\"btn btn--ghost btn--sm cta\">Quote \u2192<\/a><\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"intro\">Four specialised C110 copper parts for high-frequency, transformer, battery, and electrical connector applications. HF and RF parts silver-plated \u22655\u03bcm \u2014 at high frequencies, current flows in the skin of the conductor (skin depth decreasing with frequency), so surface conductivity directly determines HF loss; silver is the highest-conductivity metal and minimises skin-effect resistance. Battery connection strips nickel-plated \u22655\u03bcm for lithium chemistry compatibility and corrosion resistance at cell terminal interfaces.<\/div>\n          <div class=\"card-grid\">\n\n            <div class=\"pcard pcard--wide pcard--t3\">\n              <div class=\"pimg pimg--L\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/High-Frequency-Conductive-Parts-\u2014-Silver-Plated.webp\" alt=\"C110 Silver-Plated HF RF Conductive Part Skin Effect Copper CNC \u22655\u03bcm\"><div class=\"pid\" style=\"color:var(--t3);\">CUP-010<\/div><\/div>\n              <div class=\"pbody\">\n                <div class=\"cat\">HF &amp; BATTERY \/ 010 \u2014 FEATURED<\/div>\n                <div class=\"nm\">High-Frequency Conductive Parts \u2014 Silver Plated<\/div>\n                <div class=\"dsc\">C110 copper parts silver-plated \u22655\u03bcm for RF, HF, and high-frequency power conversion applications (induction power supply, RF amplifier, resonant converter, and induction heating bus connections). The skin effect \u2014 where AC current concentrates in a surface layer whose depth decreases inversely with frequency \u2014 means that at 1 MHz skin depth in copper is only 66\u03bcm; all current flows in the outer surface layer. Silver plating (conductivity ~106% IACS, slightly higher than copper) on the current-carrying surface minimises skin-effect resistance. Geometry designed for minimum current path length and minimum skin-effect resistance: rounded corners instead of sharp angles that concentrate current; minimum cross-section transitions; integral cooling where joule heating is significant. Profile tolerance \u00b10.01mm for repeatable inductance and coupling geometry in resonant circuits. Base material C110 ETP or C101 OFC (for vacuum and hydrogen-atmosphere induction equipment). Silver plating thickness 5\u201325\u03bcm as specified \u2014 XRF thickness measurement available.<\/div>\n                <div class=\"tags\">\n                  <span class=\"chip chip--t3\">Silver plate \u22655\u03bcm<\/span>\n                  <span class=\"chip chip--t3\">Skin effect optimised<\/span>\n                  <span class=\"chip chip--t3\">C110 \/ C101 OFC<\/span>\n                  <span class=\"chip chip--n\">XRF thickness verify<\/span>\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"foot\"><span class=\"mat\">C110 ETP \u00b7 C101 OFC<\/span><span class=\"cta\">Get Quote<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"pcard pcard--t3\">\n              <div class=\"pimg pimg--S\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Transformer-Parts.jpg\" alt=\"C110 Transformer Winding Form Terminal Block Tin Silver Copper CNC\"><div class=\"pid\" style=\"color:var(--t3);\">CUP-011<\/div><\/div>\n              <div class=\"pbody\"><div class=\"cat\">HF &amp; BATTERY \/ 011<\/div><div class=\"nm\">Transformer Parts<\/div><div class=\"dsc\">C110 transformer winding forms, terminal blocks, and bus connection bodies. High conductivity \u226599.9% IACS. Silver or tin plated. Custom geometry to drawing. Bobbin former, terminal strip, and magnetic core interface machined integral.<\/div><div class=\"tags\"><span class=\"chip chip--t3\">Silver \/ tin plate<\/span><\/div><div class=\"foot\"><span class=\"mat\">C110 ETP \u00b7 C101 OFC<\/span><span class=\"cta\">Get Quote<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"pcard pcard--t3\">\n              <div class=\"pimg pimg--S\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Transformer-Parts.jpg\" alt=\"C110 Battery Connection Strip Nickel Plated Hole Pattern EV Lithium CNC\"><div class=\"pid\" style=\"color:var(--t3);\">CUP-015<\/div><\/div>\n              <div class=\"pbody\"><div class=\"cat\">HF &amp; BATTERY \/ 015<\/div><div class=\"nm\">Battery Connection Strip Parts<\/div><div class=\"dsc\">C110\/C1020 battery connection strips for lithium cell modules and EV battery packs. Hole pattern \u00b10.05mm for cell terminal alignment. Nickel plated \u22655\u03bcm for Li chemistry compatibility and cell terminal corrosion resistance. Ra \u22640.4\u03bcm. Laser or mechanical weld-tab geometry to drawing.<\/div><div class=\"tags\"><span class=\"chip chip--t3\">Ni plate \u22655\u03bcm<\/span><span class=\"chip chip--n\">Li cell compatible<\/span><\/div><div class=\"foot\"><span class=\"mat\">C110 ETP \u00b7 C1020<\/span><span class=\"cta\">Get Quote<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"pcard pcard--t3\">\n              <div class=\"pimg pimg--S\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Electrical-Connectors-scaled.webp\" alt=\"C110 Copper Electrical Connector Body Contact Face Tin Gold Plated CNC\"><div class=\"pid\" style=\"color:var(--t3);\">CUP-012<\/div><\/div>\n              <div class=\"pbody\"><div class=\"cat\">HF &amp; BATTERY \/ 012<\/div><div class=\"nm\">Electrical Connectors<\/div><div class=\"dsc\">C110\/brass electrical connector bodies. Contact face Ra \u22640.4\u03bcm. Tin (solderability), nickel (wear), silver (low resistance), or gold flash (signal contact) plating. Custom body profile to drawing. Thread 6g; bore H7.<\/div><div class=\"tags\"><span class=\"chip chip--t3\">Gold \/ Ag \/ Sn \/ Ni<\/span><\/div><div class=\"foot\"><span class=\"mat\">C110 \u00b7 Brass C360<\/span><span class=\"cta\">Get Quote<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"panel-foot\"><div class=\"mat\">Materials: <span>C110 ETP \u00b7 C101 OFC \u00b7 C1020 \u00b7 Brass C360<\/span><\/div><a href=\"#cupquote\" class=\"btn btn--ghost btn--sm\">Request All 4 \u2192<\/a><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <!-- \u2500\u2500 PANEL 4: ELECTRODES & SEMICONDUCTOR \u2500\u2500 -->\n        <div class=\"panel\" id=\"pane-elec2\">\n          <div class=\"banner\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/CrZrCu-Resistance-Welding-Electrodes.webp\" alt=\"C110 W-Cu EDM Electrode CrZrCu Welding Electrode Semiconductor Copper CNC\">\n            <div class=\"ov\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"bd\"><span class=\"dot\" style=\"background:var(--t4);\"><\/span><span class=\"ttl\">Electrodes &amp; Semiconductor Parts<\/span><span class=\"meta\">3 Products \u00b7 CUP-003\/004\/018<\/span><a href=\"#cupquote\" class=\"btn btn--ghost btn--sm cta\">Quote \u2192<\/a><\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"intro\">Three specialised electrode and semiconductor equipment copper parts \u2014 CNC-milled EDM sinker electrodes in dense C110 copper or W-Cu, CrZrCu (RWMA Class 2) resistance welding electrodes, and C101\/C102 oxygen-free copper conductive parts for semiconductor processing equipment. EDM electrode profile accuracy \u00b10.005mm. CrZrCu electrodes CNC-machined to all standard electrode face profiles. OFC semiconductor parts with conductivity \u226599.99% and vacuum compatibility.<\/div>\n          <div class=\"card-grid\">\n\n            <div class=\"pcard pcard--wide pcard--t4\">\n              <div class=\"pimg pimg--L\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hxcnc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/CrZrCu-Resistance-Welding-Electrodes.webp\" alt=\"CrZrCu RWMA Class 2 Resistance Welding Electrode Face Profile CNC HRB 75-80\"><div class=\"pid\" style=\"color:var(--t4);\">CUP-004<\/div><\/div>\n              <div class=\"pbody\">\n                <div class=\"cat\">ELECTRODES \/ 004 \u2014 FEATURED<\/div>\n                <div class=\"nm\">CrZrCu Resistance Welding Electrodes<\/div>\n                <div class=\"dsc\">CrZrCu (chromium zirconium copper, RWMA Class 2) resistance spot welding electrodes \u2014 the standard material for production resistance welding of steel, stainless, and galvanised sheet. Hardness HRB 75\u201380 (approximately 3\u00d7 harder than pure copper ETP at HRB 40\u201350) resists electrode face deformation during the 200\u2013500kg forging force applied during spot welding. Conductivity \u226580% IACS passes welding current with minimal resistive heating of the electrode body. Face profiles machined to all ISO 5821 and AWS C1.1 standard styles: flat face (Type A), dome radius face (Type B), truncated cone (Type C), offset face, double-taper, and custom to drawing. Electrode shank dimensions to ISO 5184 (tapered) or custom straight shank. CNC face profiling accuracy \u00b10.05mm on face radius; face-to-shank concentricity \u22640.05mm. Electrode cap and shank available as assembled or separate. Face cap re-dresser grinding on return electrodes available.<\/div>\n                <div class=\"tags\">\n                  <span class=\"chip chip--t4\">CrZrCu RWMA Class 2<\/span>\n                  <span class=\"chip chip--t4\">HRB 75\u201380<\/span>\n                  <span class=\"chip chip--t4\">\u226580% IACS<\/span>\n                  <span class=\"chip chip--n\">ISO 5821 \/ AWS C1.1<\/span>\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"foot\"><span class=\"mat\">CrZrCu \u00b7 C18150 \u00b7 AlMgSiCu<\/span><span class=\"cta\">Get Quote<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"pcard pcard--t4\">\n              <div class=\"pimg pimg--S\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.unsplash.com\/photo-1563356781-c2dfe4f22fcb?w=500&q=80\" alt=\"C110 W-Cu EDM Sinker Electrode Profile \u00b10.005mm CNC Milled\"><div class=\"pid\" style=\"color:var(--t4);\">CUP-003<\/div><\/div>\n              <div class=\"pbody\"><div class=\"cat\">ELECTRODES \/ 003<\/div><div class=\"nm\">EDM Sinker Electrodes<\/div><div class=\"dsc\">CNC-milled EDM sinker electrodes in dense C110 copper or W-Cu (tungsten copper 70\/30\u201380\/20). Profile accuracy \u00b10.005mm. Ra \u22640.2\u03bcm. C110 for standard steel EDM; W-Cu for die steel and cemented carbide requiring lower electrode wear. Custom 3D profiles to drawing.<\/div><div class=\"tags\"><span class=\"chip chip--t4\">Profile \u00b10.005mm<\/span><span class=\"chip chip--n\">W-Cu option<\/span><\/div><div class=\"foot\"><span class=\"mat\">C110 \u00b7 W-Cu 70\/30 \u00b7 W-Cu 80\/20<\/span><span class=\"cta\">Get Quote<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n      <\/div><!-- \/panels -->\n    <\/div><!-- \/tab-layout -->\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n     CAPABILITY\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n<section class=\"lay-cap layer layer--wh\">\n  <div class=\"shell\">\n    <div class=\"eyebrow\">Manufacturing Capability<\/div>\n    <h2 class=\"heading\">What Copper Parts Require<br><span class=\"heading--cu\">Beyond Standard CNC Machining<\/span><\/h2>\n    <div class=\"grid\">\n      <div class=\"card\" data-n=\"01\"><div class=\"ico\">\u26a1<\/div><div class=\"ttl\">Conductivity Verification \u2014 IACS Tested<\/div><div class=\"dsc\">Electrical conductivity verified by eddy current method on copper parts where conductivity is a specification (OFC semiconductor parts, welding electrodes). Conductivity in % IACS reported per piece. Confirms no inadvertent contamination from machining setup that could reduce conductivity below specification.<\/div><div class=\"tags\"><span class=\"sp\">Eddy current test<\/span><span class=\"sp\">% IACS reported<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"card\" data-n=\"02\"><div class=\"ico\">\ud83d\udd2c<\/div><div class=\"ttl\">Thermal Interface Lapping \u2014 Ra \u22640.1\u03bcm<\/div><div class=\"dsc\">Thermal mounting block bases lapped after surface grinding \u2014 achieving flatness \u00b10.005mm and Ra \u22640.1\u03bcm. Lapping removes ground surface peaks that concentrate contact pressure on a small fraction of interface area. Critical for semiconductor module thermal resistance \u2014 a lapped copper base reduces required TIM thickness by 30\u201350%, directly improving junction temperature in operation.<\/div><div class=\"tags\"><span class=\"sp\">\u00b10.005mm lapped<\/span><span class=\"sp\">Ra \u22640.1\u03bcm<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"card\" data-n=\"03\"><div class=\"ico\">\ud83e\udd47<\/div><div class=\"ttl\">Silver Plating \u22655\u03bcm \u2014 XRF Verified<\/div><div class=\"dsc\">Silver plating thickness measured by XRF spectrometry on HF and critical contact parts where plating thickness is a specification. Plating thickness \u22655\u03bcm confirmed per piece. At 1 MHz skin depth in silver is 63\u03bcm \u2014 5\u03bcm plating thickness is sufficient to carry virtually all HF current on a flat or slightly curved surface at up to 100 MHz.<\/div><div class=\"tags\"><span class=\"sp\">XRF measured<\/span><span class=\"sp\">\u22655\u03bcm silver<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"card\" data-n=\"04\"><div class=\"ico\">\ud83d\udca7<\/div><div class=\"ttl\">Water-Cooled Channels \u2014 Leak Tested<\/div><div class=\"dsc\">Internal water-cooling channels machined in copper induction coil bodies and cold plate blocks. All channel cross-sections CMM-verified; assembled and leak-tested at 1.5\u00d7 working pressure with test certificate. Blind-end pressure test with nitrogen to verify channel integrity before assembly. Brazing of channel cover plates performed in reducing atmosphere to preserve copper surface quality.<\/div><div class=\"tags\"><span class=\"sp\">Leak tested 1.5\u00d7WP<\/span><span class=\"sp\">CMM channel<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"card\" data-n=\"05\"><div class=\"ico\">\ud83d\udd29<\/div><div class=\"ttl\">OFC \u2014 Hydrogen and Vacuum Compatible<\/div><div class=\"dsc\">C101\/C102 oxygen-free copper parts for semiconductor vacuum and reducing atmosphere processing. OFC contains &lt;0.001% oxygen \u2014 eliminates hydrogen embrittlement (hydrogen disease) that affects ETP copper at elevated temperatures. Machined surfaces cleaned and packaged to semiconductor industry cleanliness standards on request. ASTM B170 Grade 1 material certificate.<\/div><div class=\"tags\"><span class=\"sp\">C101 OFC<\/span><span class=\"sp\">ASTM B170<\/span><span class=\"sp\">Vacuum grade<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"card\" data-n=\"06\"><div class=\"ico\">\ud83d\udee1<\/div><div class=\"ttl\">Tin Plating \u2014 Oxide Prevention Standard<\/div><div class=\"dsc\">Copper forms copper oxide (Cu\u2082O) on surfaces within days in air \u2014 increasing contact resistance from near-zero to 0.1\u201310m\u03a9 at low contact force. Tin plating 3\u201310\u03bcm prevents oxide formation, provides solderable surface, and is RoHS compliant. Standard on all copper electrical parts \u2014 not an optional extra. Applied after final machining and deburring.<\/div><div class=\"tags\"><span class=\"sp\">3\u201310\u03bcm Sn<\/span><span class=\"sp\">Oxide prevention<\/span><span class=\"sp\">RoHS<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n     TOLERANCE DATA\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n<section class=\"lay-tol layer layer--lt\">\n  <div class=\"shell\">\n    <div class=\"eyebrow\">Precision Specifications<\/div>\n    <h2 class=\"heading\">Tolerances &amp; Material Reference \u2014 <span class=\"heading--cu\">Copper Parts<\/span><\/h2>\n    <div class=\"cols\">\n      <div class=\"dp\">\n        <div class=\"dp-hd\"><div class=\"ico\">\ud83d\udcd0<\/div><div class=\"ttl\">Tolerances by Feature<\/div><\/div>\n        <div id=\"cupTolRows\">\n          <div class=\"trow\"><div class=\"lbl\">Face Flat (block)<\/div><div class=\"bar-w\"><div class=\"fill\" style=\"width:0;\" data-w=\"92%\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"val\">\u00b10.01 mm<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"trow\"><div class=\"lbl\">Thermal Lapped<\/div><div class=\"bar-w\"><div class=\"fill\" style=\"width:0;\" data-w=\"97%\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"val\">\u00b10.005 mm<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"trow\"><div class=\"lbl\">Hole Pattern<\/div><div class=\"bar-w\"><div class=\"fill\" style=\"width:0;\" data-w=\"80%\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"val\">\u00b10.05 mm<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"trow\"><div class=\"lbl\">Turned OD<\/div><div class=\"bar-w\"><div class=\"fill\" style=\"width:0;\" data-w=\"88%\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"val\">h7 \/ h6<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"trow\"><div class=\"lbl\">EDM Electrode<\/div><div class=\"bar-w\"><div class=\"fill\" style=\"width:0;\" data-w=\"94%\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"val\">\u00b10.005 mm<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"trow\"><div class=\"lbl\">Surface (lapped)<\/div><div class=\"bar-w\"><div class=\"fill\" style=\"width:0;\" data-w=\"93%\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"val\">Ra \u22640.1 \u03bcm<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"trow\"><div class=\"lbl\">Surface (turned)<\/div><div class=\"bar-w\"><div class=\"fill\" style=\"width:0;\" data-w=\"80%\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"val\">Ra \u22640.4 \u03bcm<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"trow\"><div class=\"lbl\">Thread Class<\/div><div class=\"bar-w\"><div class=\"fill\" style=\"width:0;\" data-w=\"86%\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"val\">6H \/ 6g<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"dp\">\n        <div class=\"dp-hd\"><div class=\"ico\">\u26a1<\/div><div class=\"ttl\">Material &amp; Conductivity Reference<\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"sgrid\">\n          <div class=\"sc\"><div class=\"lbl\">C110 ETP Conductivity<\/div><div class=\"val\">\u226599.9<sup>% IACS<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"note\">Standard for busbars, terminals, conductive blocks. ASTM B152. Best cost-conductivity ratio.<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"sc\"><div class=\"lbl\">C101 OFC<\/div><div class=\"val\">\u2265100<sup>% IACS<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"note\">Oxygen-free. Hydrogen-safe at elevated temp. Semiconductor \/ vacuum applications. ASTM B170.<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"sc\"><div class=\"lbl\">CrZrCu Hardness<\/div><div class=\"val\" style=\"font-size:17px;\">HRB 75\u201380<\/div><div class=\"note\">RWMA Class 2. Welding electrodes and induction coil formers. \u226580% IACS conductivity maintained.<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"sc\"><div class=\"lbl\">Thermal \u03bb (C110)<\/div><div class=\"val\">385<sup> W\/m\u00b7K<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"note\">3\u00d7 better than Al6061 (167 W\/m\u00b7K). Copper heat sinks mandatory for high-power density applications.<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"sc\"><div class=\"lbl\">Ag Plate (HF)<\/div><div class=\"val\" style=\"font-size:17px;\">\u22655 \u03bcm<\/div><div class=\"note\">Skin depth 63\u03bcm at 1MHz. \u22655\u03bcm silver carries essentially all surface current at &lt;100MHz.<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"sc\"><div class=\"lbl\">Sn Plate (std)<\/div><div class=\"val\" style=\"font-size:17px;\">3\u201310 \u03bcm<\/div><div class=\"note\">Prevents copper oxide contact resistance rise. RoHS compliant. Standard on all electrical copper parts.<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n     SURFACE TREATMENTS\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n<section class=\"lay-surf layer layer--lt\">\n  <div class=\"shell\">\n    <div class=\"eyebrow\">Surface Treatments<\/div>\n    <h2 class=\"heading\">Plating &amp; Finishing for <span class=\"heading--cu\">Copper Parts<\/span><\/h2>\n    <p style=\"font-size:14px;color:var(--tx1);max-width:600px;line-height:1.75;margin-top:10px;\">Surface treatment of copper parts prevents oxide formation, maintains conductivity, and ensures solderability \u2014 all critical for electrical reliability in service.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"scroller\">\n      <div class=\"surf-row\">\n        <div class=\"scard\"><div class=\"ico\">\ud83e\udd48<\/div><div class=\"nm\">Tin Plating (3\u201310\u03bcm)<\/div><div class=\"dc\">Bright or matte tin, electroplated. Standard for all copper electrical parts \u2014 prevents Cu\u2082O formation that increases contact resistance. Solderable. RoHS compliant. 3\u03bcm for light-duty indoor; 10\u03bcm for harsh environment. Hot-dip tin for heavy busbar bodies.<\/div><div class=\"apps\"><span class=\"chip chip--t1\">All busbar \/ terminal<\/span><span class=\"chip chip--n\">Standard<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"scard\"><div class=\"ico\">\ud83d\udd18<\/div><div class=\"nm\">Nickel Plating (3\u201310\u03bcm)<\/div><div class=\"dc\">Electrolytic bright nickel. Harder than tin \u2014 better wear resistance for bolted connections. Good corrosion resistance in industrial environments. Required for lithium battery connection strips and EV busbars. Nickel barrier recommended under gold for connector bodies.<\/div><div class=\"apps\"><span class=\"chip chip--t3\">Battery strips<\/span><span class=\"chip chip--t3\">EV busbars<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"scard\"><div class=\"ico\">\ud83e\udd47<\/div><div class=\"nm\">Silver Plating (5\u201325\u03bcm)<\/div><div class=\"dc\">Highest conductivity of metallic platings (~106% IACS). Best for HF parts (skin effect), high-cycle contact surfaces, and bus bars in high-reliability power electronics. XRF thickness measurement on request. Applied over copper or over thin nickel strike.<\/div><div class=\"apps\"><span class=\"chip chip--t3\">HF \/ RF parts<\/span><span class=\"chip chip--t1\">Power busbars<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"scard\"><div class=\"ico\">\u2728<\/div><div class=\"nm\">Gold Flash (0.1\u20130.5\u03bcm over Ni)<\/div><div class=\"dc\">Gold flash over 2\u20135\u03bcm nickel for signal connector bodies and precision contact surfaces requiring minimum and stable contact resistance over millions of mating cycles. Gold prevents nickel oxide formation at contact interface. XRF verified on critical connector orders.<\/div><div class=\"apps\"><span class=\"chip chip--t4\">Signal contacts<\/span><span class=\"chip chip--t4\">Connectors<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"scard\"><div class=\"ico\">\ud83d\udca7<\/div><div class=\"nm\">Electroless Nickel (3\u20135\u03bcm)<\/div><div class=\"dc\">Uniform electroless nickel for DBC substrate heat spreader plates \u2014 controlled thickness \u00b10.5\u03bcm for substrate bonding compatibility. Better uniformity than electrolytic nickel on complex 3D surfaces. Can be applied to OFC copper for vacuum-compatible parts where electroplating is problematic.<\/div><div class=\"apps\"><span class=\"chip chip--t2\">DBC heat spreaders<\/span><span class=\"chip chip--n\">Uniform thickness<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"scard\"><div class=\"ico\">\ud83c\udf1f<\/div><div class=\"nm\">Passivation \/ Lacquer<\/div><div class=\"dc\">Benzotriazole (BTA) passivation for copper parts where plating would add unacceptable thickness or affect conductivity. Inhibits copper oxide formation for 12\u201324 months of ambient storage. Anti-tarnish lacquer for cosmetic copper parts where appearance matters. Both options remove easily before assembly if clean contact is required.<\/div><div class=\"apps\"><span class=\"chip chip--n\">Storage protection<\/span><span class=\"chip chip--n\">Cosmetic parts<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n     PROCESS\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n<section class=\"lay-proc layer layer--wh\">\n  <div class=\"shell\">\n    <div class=\"eyebrow\">Production Workflow<\/div>\n    <h2 class=\"heading\">From Drawing to <span class=\"heading--ac\">Plated, Tested Copper Part<\/span><\/h2>\n    <div class=\"strip\">\n      <div class=\"step\"><div class=\"sbody\"><div class=\"num\">01<\/div><div class=\"ttl\">DFM Review<\/div><div class=\"dsc\">Grade (ETP vs OFC), plating spec, lapping requirement, and conductivity test scope confirmed. 24hr.<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"step\"><div class=\"sbody\"><div class=\"num\">02<\/div><div class=\"ttl\">Material<\/div><div class=\"dsc\">C110 ETP or C101\/C102 OFC received with ASTM B152\/B170 material certificate. Grade confirmed.<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"step\"><div class=\"sbody\"><div class=\"num\">03<\/div><div class=\"ttl\">CNC Machining<\/div><div class=\"dsc\">Turned, milled, drilled, tapped. Sharp tools, controlled parameters to avoid copper burring and smear.<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"step\"><div class=\"sbody\"><div class=\"num\">04<\/div><div class=\"ttl\">Grind \/ Lap<\/div><div class=\"dsc\">Face grinding \u00b10.01mm; lapping \u00b10.005mm \/ Ra \u22640.1\u03bcm for thermal mounting seats and heat spreaders.<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"step\"><div class=\"sbody\"><div class=\"num\">05<\/div><div class=\"ttl\">Plating<\/div><div class=\"dsc\">Tin \/ Ni \/ Ag \/ Au plating to spec. XRF thickness on critical orders. Plating certificate included.<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"step\"><div class=\"sbody\"><div class=\"num\">06<\/div><div class=\"ttl\">Test &amp; Deliver<\/div><div class=\"dsc\">Conductivity test (eddy current) on OFC and CrZrCu parts. Inspection report + mat cert + plate cert enclosed.<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n     WHY US\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n<section class=\"lay-why layer layer--lt\">\n  <div class=\"shell\">\n    <div class=\"eyebrow\">Our Advantage<\/div>\n    <h2 class=\"heading\">Why Engineers Specify Our <span class=\"heading--cu\">Copper Parts<\/span><\/h2>\n    <div class=\"grid\">\n      <div class=\"cell\"><div class=\"big\">Sn<\/div><div class=\"ttl\">Tin Plating Standard \u2014 Not Optional<\/div><div class=\"dsc\">Every copper electrical part tin-plated as standard \u2014 copper oxide forms within days in air and increases contact resistance from near-zero to measurable levels. We never ship bare copper electrical parts. Tin plating is a functional requirement, not a cosmetic upgrade, and is included in every electrical copper part price without special request.<\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"cell\"><div class=\"big\">OFC<\/div><div class=\"ttl\">OFC for Semiconductor \u2014 ASTM B170<\/div><div class=\"dsc\">C101\/C102 oxygen-free copper (ASTM B170 Grade 1\/2) specified for semiconductor equipment parts \u2014 not substituted with cheaper C110 ETP. The oxygen content difference (0.001% vs 0.04%) is invisible to a metallurgist examining the part but becomes a catastrophic failure mode when the part is brazed or cycled in hydrogen atmosphere during semiconductor fab processing.<\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"cell\"><div class=\"big\">Lap<\/div><div class=\"ttl\">Thermal Lapping Ra \u22640.1\u03bcm \u2014 Not Just Ground<\/div><div class=\"dsc\">Thermal mounting blocks for IGBT modules lapped to Ra \u22640.1\u03bcm \u2014 not claimed as Ra \u22640.1\u03bcm from surface grinding alone (which achieves Ra \u22640.4\u03bcm standard). The difference determines TIM layer thickness requirement and steady-state thermal resistance at the semiconductor interface. We document the Ra by profilometer measurement, not process assumption.<\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"cell\"><div class=\"big\">Ag<\/div><div class=\"ttl\">Silver Plate XRF Verified \u2014 HF Applications<\/div><div class=\"dsc\">Silver plating thickness \u22655\u03bcm XRF-measured for HF parts where skin depth at operating frequency determines minimum required plating thickness. A nominal 5\u03bcm plating specification without XRF verification can deliver 2\u03bcm actual thickness from process variation \u2014 insufficient to carry surface current at frequencies above ~10 MHz. We measure and document the plating thickness.<\/div><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n     FAQ\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n<section class=\"lay-faq layer layer--wh\" id=\"cup-faq\">\n  <div class=\"shell\">\n    <div class=\"eyebrow\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/div>\n    <h2 class=\"heading\">Copper CNC Parts \u2014 <span class=\"heading--cu\">Common Questions<\/span><\/h2>\n    <p style=\"font-size:14px;color:var(--tx1);max-width:600px;line-height:1.75;margin-top:10px;\">Technical questions about copper grades, plating, oxygen-free copper, thermal interface, and welding electrodes.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"grid\">\n\n      <div class=\"item\">\n        <button class=\"qbtn\" onclick=\"cupFaq(this)\"><span class=\"qico\">Q<\/span><span class=\"qtxt\">What copper grades do you use for electrical conductive parts?<\/span><span class=\"arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/button>\n        <div class=\"ans\"><div class=\"inner\"><strong>C110 ETP<\/strong> (\u226599.9% IACS, ASTM B152): standard for busbars, terminals, conductive blocks \u2014 best cost-conductivity combination. <strong>C101\/C102 OFC<\/strong> (\u2265100% IACS, ASTM B170): oxygen-free, for semiconductor equipment, vacuum, and hydrogen atmosphere applications. <strong>CrZrCu<\/strong> (\u226580% IACS, HRB 75\u201380, RWMA Class 2): resistance welding electrodes and induction coil formers requiring both conductivity and hardness. <strong>W-Cu<\/strong> (70\/30\u201380\/20): EDM electrodes in demanding die steel applications. <strong>C172 BeCu<\/strong>: spring contact elements requiring high strength + moderate conductivity.<\/div><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"item\">\n        <button class=\"qbtn\" onclick=\"cupFaq(this)\"><span class=\"qico\">Q<\/span><span class=\"qtxt\">What plating options are available for copper parts?<\/span><span class=\"arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/button>\n        <div class=\"ans\"><div class=\"inner\"><strong>Tin (3\u201310\u03bcm)<\/strong>: standard for all copper electrical parts \u2014 prevents oxide, solderable, RoHS. <strong>Nickel (3\u201310\u03bcm)<\/strong>: harder than tin, for bolted connections and EV battery strips \u2014 Li chemistry compatible. <strong>Silver (5\u201325\u03bcm)<\/strong>: highest conductivity for HF\/RF parts and high-cycle contacts \u2014 XRF verified on request. <strong>Gold flash (0.1\u20130.5\u03bcm over Ni)<\/strong>: signal connector contacts. <strong>Electroless nickel (3\u20135\u03bcm)<\/strong>: for DBC heat spreader plates \u2014 uniform thickness critical for substrate bonding. All plating with plating certificate.<\/div><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"item\">\n        <button class=\"qbtn\" onclick=\"cupFaq(this)\"><span class=\"qico\">Q<\/span><span class=\"qtxt\">What is oxygen-free copper and when should I specify it?<\/span><span class=\"arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/button>\n        <div class=\"ans\"><div class=\"inner\">Oxygen-free copper (OFC, C101\/C102, ASTM B170) contains &lt;0.001% oxygen vs 0.02\u20130.04% in C110 ETP. Same conductivity \u2014 both \u226599.9% IACS. The difference: in hydrogen or reducing atmosphere at elevated temperature, hydrogen reacts with copper oxide inclusions in ETP copper to form steam, causing blistering and mechanical failure ('hydrogen disease'). Specify OFC for: parts brazed in hydrogen furnace, vacuum-brazed cooling assemblies, semiconductor equipment parts that cycle in hydrogen or inert atmosphere, and e-beam or ion source components. ETP C110 is adequate for all ambient-temperature and normal soldering applications.<\/div><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"item\">\n        <button class=\"qbtn\" onclick=\"cupFaq(this)\"><span class=\"qico\">Q<\/span><span class=\"qtxt\">How do you achieve flatness for thermal interface copper blocks?<\/span><span class=\"arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/button>\n        <div class=\"ans\"><div class=\"inner\">Thermal mounting blocks for IGBT and semiconductor packages require <strong>flatness \u00b10.005mm and Ra \u22640.1\u03bcm<\/strong> \u2014 achieved by lapping after surface grinding. Surface grinding achieves \u00b10.01mm and Ra \u22640.4\u03bcm \u2014 inadequate for critical thermal contact. Lapping removes surface peaks that concentrate pressure on a small fraction of the interface area \u2014 reducing required TIM thickness and improving thermal resistance by 15\u201330%. Ra measured by profilometer and documented. Surface grinding alone does not achieve Ra \u22640.1\u03bcm in copper.<\/div><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"item\">\n        <button class=\"qbtn\" onclick=\"cupFaq(this)\"><span class=\"qico\">Q<\/span><span class=\"qtxt\">What are CrZrCu welding electrodes?<\/span><span class=\"arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/button>\n        <div class=\"ans\"><div class=\"inner\">CrZrCu (chromium zirconium copper, RWMA Class 2) is the standard resistance spot welding electrode material. <strong>HRB 75\u201380<\/strong> hardness (3\u00d7 C110) resists electrode face deformation under 200\u2013500kg welding force; <strong>\u226580% IACS<\/strong> conductivity passes welding current with minimal self-heating. Pure copper mushrooms after a few hundred welds \u2014 CrZrCu lasts 3,000\u20135,000 welds before re-dressing. We machine all ISO 5821 face profiles (flat, dome, truncated cone, offset) and ISO 5184 shanks, plus custom to drawing.<\/div><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"item\">\n        <button class=\"qbtn\" onclick=\"cupFaq(this)\"><span class=\"qico\">Q<\/span><span class=\"qtxt\">Can you machine copper heat sinks for power electronics?<\/span><span class=\"arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/button>\n        <div class=\"ans\"><div class=\"inner\">Yes. C110 copper heat sink blocks (385 W\/m\u00b7K, 3\u00d7 Al6061 167 W\/m\u00b7K) with milled fins (0.5mm min width, 30mm max height) or skived ultra-thin fins (0.1\u20130.3mm). For DBC heat spreader plates: base flatness \u00b10.005mm lapped, Ra \u22640.1\u03bcm, electroless nickel 3\u20135\u03bcm for substrate bonding. For semiconductor packages: C101 OFC, vacuum compatible, Ra \u22640.1\u03bcm lapped base. Liquid-cooled cold plates with internal micro-channels pressure-tested at 1.5\u00d7 working pressure with certificate.<\/div><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"item\">\n        <button class=\"qbtn\" onclick=\"cupFaq(this)\"><span class=\"qico\">Q<\/span><span class=\"qtxt\">What tolerances can you achieve on copper CNC parts?<\/span><span class=\"arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/button>\n        <div class=\"ans\"><div class=\"inner\">Turned OD: <strong>h7<\/strong> (\u00b10.01\u20130.02mm) standard; <strong>h6<\/strong> for precision parts. Drilled hole pattern: <strong>\u00b10.05mm<\/strong> for busbar patterns; <strong>\u00b10.01mm<\/strong> for precision locating features. Flatness: <strong>\u00b10.01mm<\/strong> surface ground; <strong>\u00b10.005mm<\/strong> lapped. Surface finish: <strong>Ra \u22640.4\u03bcm<\/strong> turned standard; <strong>Ra \u22640.1\u03bcm<\/strong> lapped. EDM electrode profile: <strong>\u00b10.005mm<\/strong>. Thread: 6H\/6g standard. Copper is soft \u2014 requires sharp tooling and controlled parameters to avoid burring and smear at fine tolerances.<\/div><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"item\">\n        <button class=\"qbtn\" onclick=\"cupFaq(this)\"><span class=\"qico\">Q<\/span><span class=\"qtxt\">What is MOQ and lead time for copper machined parts?<\/span><span class=\"arr\">\u25bc<\/span><\/button>\n        <div class=\"ans\"><div class=\"inner\">MOQ: <strong>1 piece<\/strong>. Standard lead times: simple turned\/milled parts without plating: <strong>3\u20137 working days<\/strong>. Parts with electroplating (Sn\/Ni\/Ag): <strong>add 3\u20135 working days<\/strong>. Precision lapped thermal blocks: <strong>5\u201310 working days<\/strong>. Complex parts (induction coil formers, cold plates): <strong>7\u201314 working days<\/strong>. W-Cu EDM electrodes: <strong>5\u201310 working days<\/strong>. Production 50+ pieces: quoted individually. ASTM B152\/B170 material certificate available for all copper grades.<\/div><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n    <p class=\"fn\">Structured data (FAQPage + ItemList + Product schema) embedded in page head \u00b7 Eligible for Google FAQ rich results<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div><!-- end .CUP -->\n\n<script>\n(function () {\n  \/* tab switching *\/\n  var btns  = document.querySelectorAll('.CUP .lay-tab .nav .nav-btn');\n  var panes = document.querySelectorAll('.CUP .lay-tab .panel');\n  btns.forEach(function (btn) {\n    btn.addEventListener('click', function () {\n      btns.forEach(function (b) { b.classList.remove('is-live'); });\n      panes.forEach(function (p) { p.classList.remove('is-live'); });\n      btn.classList.add('is-live');\n      var t = document.getElementById(btn.getAttribute('data-pane'));\n      if (t) t.classList.add('is-live');\n    });\n  });\n\n  \/* conductivity bar animation *\/\n  var condDone = false;\n  var condBars = 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   }\n  }\n  window.addEventListener('scroll', animTol, { passive:true });\n  animTol();\n})();\n\n\/* FAQ accordion *\/\nfunction cupFaq(btn) {\n  var item = btn.parentElement;\n  var open = item.classList.contains('is-open');\n  document.querySelectorAll('.CUP .lay-faq .item.is-open').forEach(function (el) { el.classList.remove('is-open'); });\n  if (!open) item.classList.add('is-open');\n}\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f9908e9 e-con-full cupquote e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7f9908e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"cupquote\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1102f13e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1102f13e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-670c077c elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"670c077c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- HXCNC CTA Left Panel | namespace .HXCL | Elementor HTML Widget -->\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Roboto:wght@300;400;500;700;900&family=Roboto+Condensed:wght@400;700;900&family=Roboto+Mono:wght@400;500&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n<style>\n.HXCL{\n  --bg:#F7F9FC;--wh:#FFFFFF;--lt:#EEF3F8;\n  --tx:#1F2937;--tx1:#5B6777;--tx2:#9CA8B4;--bd:#D7E0EA;\n  --a:#2563EB;--a2:#1D4ED8;--aA:rgba(37,99,235,.07);--aC:rgba(37,99,235,.20);\n  --ac:#0F766E;--acA:rgba(15,118,110,.08);--acB:rgba(15,118,110,.15);--acC:rgba(15,118,110,.22);\n  --fh:'Roboto Condensed',sans-serif;--fb:'Roboto',sans-serif;--fm:'Roboto Mono',monospace;\n}\n.HXCL,.HXCL *,.HXCL *::before,.HXCL 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.avitem:hover .ico{background:var(--acB);}\n.HXCL .avitem .at{\n  font-family:var(--fh);font-size:14px;font-weight:700;\n  color:var(--tx);margin-bottom:2px;line-height:1.2;\n}\n.HXCL .avitem .ad{\n  font-size:12px;color:var(--tx1);line-height:1.62;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 CERT TAGS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.HXCL .certs{\n  display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:7px;\n  padding-top:20px;border-top:1.5px solid var(--bd);\n}\n.HXCL .cert{\n  padding:4px 11px;border-radius:100px;\n  background:var(--lt);border:1px solid var(--bd);\n  font-family:var(--fm);font-size:10px;color:var(--tx2);letter-spacing:.8px;\n}\n.HXCL .cert.hi{\n  background:var(--acA);border-color:var(--acC);\n  color:var(--ac);font-weight:700;\n}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"HXCL\">\n<div class=\"panel\">\n\n  <div class=\"eyebrow\">Get a Quote<\/div>\n\n  <h2 class=\"headline\">\n    Send Your Drawing.<br><em>Get a Quote.<\/em>\n  <\/h2>\n\n  <p class=\"sub\">Every enquiry includes a DFM review \u2014 tolerance feasibility, material confirmation, and process approach confirmed before production starts. MOQ 1 piece.<\/p>\n\n  <!-- Stats row -->\n  <div class=\"stats\">\n    <div class=\"stat\">\n      <div class=\"sv\">24<small>hr<\/small><\/div>\n      <div class=\"sl\">Quote Response<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"stat\">\n      <div class=\"sv\">MOQ <small>1<\/small><\/div>\n      <div class=\"sl\">Prototypes OK<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"stat\">\n      <div class=\"sv\">ISO<\/div>\n      <div class=\"sl\">9001:2015<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- Advantage list -->\n  <div class=\"avlist\">\n    <div class=\"avitem\">\n      <div class=\"ico\">&#128208;<\/div>\n      <div>\n        <div class=\"at\">DFM Review on Every Enquiry<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ad\">Tolerance feasibility, fixturing strategy, and material confirmation. Specific, actionable feedback \u2014 not generic pushback.<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"avitem\">\n      <div class=\"ico\">&#127919;<\/div>\n      <div>\n        <div class=\"at\">First Article Inspection \u2014 Standard<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ad\">FAI report on every new run. Material certs and surface treatment certs included with every shipment.<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"avitem\">\n      <div class=\"ico\">&#128260;<\/div>\n      <div>\n        <div class=\"at\">Same Process: Prototype to Production<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ad\">Process plan from your prototype applies to production batches. No re-qualification when you scale.<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"avitem\">\n      <div class=\"ico\">&#9881;<\/div>\n      <div>\n        <div class=\"at\">3 \/ 4 \/ 5-Axis CNC + Turning<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ad\">Complex structural parts, shafts, housings, and transmission components. Metals and engineering plastics.<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- Cert tags -->\n  <div class=\"certs\">\n    <span class=\"cert hi\">ISO 9001:2015<\/span>\n    <span class=\"cert\">3\/4\/5-Axis Milling<\/span>\n    <span class=\"cert\">CNC Turning<\/span>\n    <span class=\"cert\">CMM Inspection<\/span>\n    <span class=\"cert\">Global Delivery<\/span>\n  <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45a8492c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"45a8492c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11a7d566 elementor-button-align-stretch elementor-widget elementor-widget-form\" data-id=\"11a7d566\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;step_next_label&quot;:&quot;Next&quot;,&quot;step_previous_label&quot;:&quot;Previous&quot;,&quot;button_width&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;step_type&quot;:&quot;number_text&quot;,&quot;step_icon_shape&quot;:&quot;circle&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"form.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<form class=\"elementor-form\" method=\"post\" name=\"New Form\" aria-label=\"New Form\">\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"post_id\" value=\"444\"\/>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"form_id\" value=\"11a7d566\"\/>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"referer_title\" value=\"Copper CNC Machined Parts | Electrical &amp; Thermal Parts | HXCNC\" \/>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"queried_id\" value=\"444\"\/>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-form-fields-wrapper elementor-labels-above\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-text elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-name elementor-col-100\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-name\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tName\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input size=\"1\" type=\"text\" name=\"form_fields[name]\" id=\"form-field-name\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-field-textual\" placeholder=\"Name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-text elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-field_12786b6 elementor-col-100\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-field_12786b6\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCompany\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input size=\"1\" type=\"text\" name=\"form_fields[field_12786b6]\" id=\"form-field-field_12786b6\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-field-textual\" placeholder=\"Company Name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-email elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-email elementor-col-100 elementor-field-required\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-email\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEmail\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input size=\"1\" type=\"email\" name=\"form_fields[email]\" id=\"form-field-email\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-field-textual\" placeholder=\"Email\" required=\"required\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-select elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-field_0c79fc0 elementor-col-100\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-field_0c79fc0\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMaterial\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field elementor-select-wrapper remove-before \">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"select-caret-down-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-caret-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 571.4 571.4\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M571 393Q571 407 561 418L311 668Q300 679 286 679T261 668L11 418Q0 407 0 393T11 368 36 357H536Q550 357 561 368T571 393Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<select name=\"form_fields[field_0c79fc0]\" id=\"form-field-field_0c79fc0\" class=\"elementor-field-textual elementor-size-sm\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"aluminium_6061_t6\">Aluminium 6061-T6<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"aluminium_7075_t6\">Aluminium 7075-T6<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"stainless_steel_304\">Stainless Steel 304<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"stainless_steel_316l\">Stainless Steel 316L<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"carbon_steel_4140\">Carbon Steel \/ 4140<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"titanium_ti_6al_4v\">Titanium Ti-6Al-4V<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"brass_c360\">Brass C360<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"copper\">Copper<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"peek\">PEEK<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"pom_acetal\">POM \/ Acetal<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"nylon_pa6_pa66\">Nylon PA6 \/ PA66<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"ptfe_teflon\">PTFE \/ Teflon<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"polycarbonate\">Polycarbonate<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"abs\">ABS<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"other_not_sure\">Other \/ Not sure<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/select>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-select elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-field_161b5ef elementor-col-100\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-field_161b5ef\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSurface Finish\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field elementor-select-wrapper remove-before \">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"select-caret-down-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-caret-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 571.4 571.4\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M571 393Q571 407 561 418L311 668Q300 679 286 679T261 668L11 418Q0 407 0 393T11 368 36 357H536Q550 357 561 368T571 393Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<select name=\"form_fields[field_161b5ef]\" id=\"form-field-field_161b5ef\" class=\"elementor-field-textual elementor-size-sm\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"as_machined\">As-machined<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"anodised_type_ii\">Anodised Type II<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"anodised_type_iii_hard\">Anodised Type III (Hard)<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"electroplating\">Electroplating<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"powder_coating\">Powder Coating<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"black_oxide\">Black Oxide<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"passivation_ss\">Passivation (SS)<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"polishing_ra_requirement\">Polishing \/ Ra requirement<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"other_specify_below\">Other (specify below)<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"Select \">Select finish (optional)<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/select>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-textarea elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-message elementor-col-100\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-message\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAdditional Requirements\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<textarea class=\"elementor-field-textual elementor-field  elementor-size-sm\" name=\"form_fields[message]\" id=\"form-field-message\" rows=\"4\" placeholder=\"Target delivery date, critical dimensions, tolerance callouts, inspection requirements, application context...\"><\/textarea>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-upload elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-field_0071b0f elementor-col-100\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-field_0071b0f\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFile Upload\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"file\" name=\"form_fields[field_0071b0f]\" id=\"form-field-field_0071b0f\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-upload-field\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-type-submit elementor-col-100 e-form__buttons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"elementor-button elementor-size-sm\" type=\"submit\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-arrow-alt-circle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M504 256C504 119 393 8 256 8S8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248zm-448 0c0-110.5 89.5-200 200-200s200 89.5 200 200-89.5 200-200 200S56 366.5 56 256zm72 20v-40c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h116v-67c0-10.7 12.9-16 20.5-8.5l99 99c4.7 4.7 4.7 12.3 0 17l-99 99c-7.6 7.6-20.5 2.2-20.5-8.5v-67H140c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Submit Enquiry<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Home\/ Products\/ Copper CNC Machined Parts Product Category CUP \u2014 18 Product Lines CopperCNCMachined Parts 18 product lines in C110 ETP copper, C101\/C102 oxygen-free copper, and CrZrCu \u2014 conductive blocks, busbars, electrodes, heat sinks, terminals, battery strips, transformer parts, and semiconductor equipment components. Tin, nickel, and silver plating. Thermal interface lapping Ra \u22640.1 \u03bcm. Electrical [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-444","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v28.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Copper CNC Machined Parts | Electrical &amp; Thermal Parts | HXCNC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Custom CNC machined copper parts for electrical, thermal and RF applications. 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